Electrical Synapses: An Overview
Electrical synapses (or gap junctions) are intercellular channels that enable direct electrical communication between two neurons or other cells. This type of communication is important in the nervous system as it provides a rapid and reliable communication pathway between cells. They have been studied for many years and are known to be involved in various neuronal functions such as synchronization of neuronal activity, regulation of neuronal excitability, and coordination of interneuronal communication (Kumar et al., 2018). This article provides an overview of electrical synapses, including their structure, development, and function in the nervous system.
Structure of Electrical Synapses
Electrical synapses are formed by two specialized proteins known as connexins, which form a connexon on each side of the gap junction. These connexons are connected to form a continuous channel between two neighboring cells. This channel is made up of a central pore surrounded by four connexin molecules, which are arranged in a hexagonal shape (Kumar et al., 2018). The pore is composed of several transmembrane domains and allows the passage of ions and small molecules between the two cells.
Development of Electrical Synapses
Electrical synapses begin to form during early development and continue to mature throughout life. In the early stages of development, connexons are formed in the cytoplasm and then inserted into the plasma membrane, where they become functional gap junctions (Kumar et al., 2018). During this process, connexons can also be exchanged between cells, allowing for the formation of new gap junctions.
Function of Electrical Synapses in the Nervous System
Electrical synapses play an important role in the nervous system by allowing for rapid and reliable transfer of electrical signals between neurons. This type of communication is important for synchronizing neuronal activity, regulating neuronal excitability, and coordinating interneuronal communication (Kumar et al., 2018). Electrical synapses have also been implicated in the development and plasticity of neuronal networks, as well as in the formation of memory and learning.
Conclusion
In conclusion, electrical synapses are important intercellular channels that enable direct electrical communication between two neurons or other cells. This type of communication is important for various neuronal functions, such as synchronization of neuronal activity, regulation of neuronal excitability, and coordination of interneuronal communication. Electrical synapses begin to form during early development and continue to mature throughout life and are involved in the development and plasticity of neuronal networks, as well as in the formation of memory and learning.
References
Kumar, A., Yousef, A., & Jordan, M. A. (2018). Electrical synapses: Structure, development, and function. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 96, 219-233. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.005