Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): A Comprehensive Review
A. Introduction
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is associated with a wide range of illnesses and diseases. EBV is typically acquired by the majority of the population during childhood and is largely asymptomatic, but can result in severe illnesses in immunocompromised individuals. To date, there is still much to learn about the virus, its clinical manifestations, and its pathobiology. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of EBV and discuss its etiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations.
B. Etiology and Epidemiology
EBV is a member of the herpesvirus family, which includes the herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). It is a double stranded DNA virus that is typically acquired through contact with body fluids, such as saliva, or through contact with infected tissue. EBV is highly contagious and can be spread through close contact with an infected individual. It is estimated that 90-95% of adults worldwide are infected with EBV, and the majority of infections occur in childhood or adolescence.
C. Clinical Manifestations
In immunocompetent individuals, EBV infection is largely asymptomatic. However, in immunocompromised individuals, EBV infection can result in a range of clinical manifestations, such as mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain autoimmune diseases.
Mononucleosis, also known as “kissing disease”, is the most common clinical manifestation of EBV infection. It is characterized by fever, sore throat, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy.
Burkitt’s lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma that is associated with EBV infection. It is typically characterized by rapid growth and is associated with poor prognosis.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that is associated with EBV infection. It typically affects the upper part of the throat and is associated with a poor prognosis.
Certain autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, are also associated with EBV infection.
D. Conclusion
In conclusion, EBV is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that is largely asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, but can result in a range of clinical manifestations in immunocompromised individuals. Mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and certain autoimmune diseases are all associated with EBV infection. Further research is needed to understand the virus and its clinical manifestations.
References
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