Formal Operations: Definition and Characteristics
Formal operations is a stage of cognitive development in which an individual is able to think abstractly and use logical reasoning. This stage is a part of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and is characterized by a higher level of cognitive flexibility, allowing a person to think more abstractly and to use logical reasoning to solve problems. The formal operations stage typically begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood.
Characteristics of formal operations include the ability to reason hypothetically, think logically, and use abstract symbols to represent ideas. Individuals in this stage are able to think systematically and formulate hypotheses to solve problems. They can also manipulate symbols to represent relationships between different pieces of information. In addition, those in the formal operations stage are able to recognize patterns, draw inferences, and understand the hypothetical nature of different situations.
In order to reach the formal operations stage, individuals must have had experience with concrete operations, which is the previous cognitive stage. Concrete operations involve the ability to think logically and arrive at conclusions based on concrete facts. During this stage, individuals learn to use problem-solving skills and logical reasoning to make decisions and understand relationships between objects.
References
Piaget, J. (1936). Origins of intelligence in the child. New York: International Universities Press.
Crain, W. (1985). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Flavell, J. H. (1963). The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget. New York: Van Nostrand.
Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. New York: Academic Press.
DeLisi, M. (1999). The cognitive neuroscience of adolescent development: A review of the evidence. Developmental Review, 19(2), 189-219. doi: 10.1006/drev.1999.0441