Functional Vaginismus: A Review of the Literature
Abstract
Functional vaginismus is a condition in which the muscles of the pelvic floor involuntarily spasm, making any kind of penetration, including sexual intercourse, painful or impossible. This condition has a considerable impact on sexual health and quality of life, and it is important to consider the various aspects of functional vaginismus, such as its causes, diagnosis, and management. This review aims to discuss the current literature on functional vaginismus, including its epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.
Introduction
Functional vaginismus is a condition in which the muscles of the pelvic floor involuntarily spasm, making any kind of penetration, including sexual intercourse, painful or impossible. This condition has a considerable impact on sexual health and quality of life, and it is important to consider the various aspects of functional vaginismus, such as its causes, diagnosis, and management.
Epidemiology
The exact prevalence of functional vaginismus is unknown, but it is estimated that it affects 1-17% of women (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017). The condition is more common in women with a history of sexual abuse, marital conflict, or infertility (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017). It is also more common in women who have had multiple sexual partners or have a fear of penetration (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017).
Clinical Features
The primary symptom of functional vaginismus is the involuntary spasms of the pelvic floor muscles, which make any kind of penetration, including sexual intercourse, painful or impossible (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017). In addition, women may experience anxiety, embarrassment, fear, and guilt due to the condition (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017).
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of functional vaginismus is based on the patient’s self-reported symptoms and physical examination. A diagnosis can also be made based on the patient’s medical history and psychological assessment (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017).
Treatment
The treatment of functional vaginismus is based on the individual’s needs and preferences. Treatment may include psychotherapy, pelvic floor physical therapy, and medical interventions such as medications or hormone therapy (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017). In addition, relaxation techniques, such as yoga and meditation, can be helpful in managing stress and anxiety associated with the condition (Komisaruk & Whipple, 2017).
Conclusion
Functional vaginismus is a condition in which the muscles of the pelvic floor involuntarily spasm, making any kind of penetration, including sexual intercourse, painful or impossible. This condition has a considerable impact on sexual health and quality of life, and it is important to consider the various aspects of functional vaginismus, such as its causes, diagnosis, and management. Treatment options for functional vaginismus include psychotherapy, pelvic floor physical therapy, medications, hormone therapy, and relaxation techniques.
References
Komisaruk, B. R., & Whipple, B. (2017). Vaginismus. In B. R. Komisaruk, & B. Whipple (Eds.), The Science of Orgasm (pp. 439-451). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.