Masochistic Personality Disorder: A Review
Abstract
Masochistic Personality Disorder (MPD) is a personality disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent patterns of masochistic behavior that is pervasive, maladaptive, and self-defeating. This article reviews the current literature on MPD, including its epidemiology, clinical features, etiology, and treatment. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of this disorder for clinicians and research.
Introduction
Masochistic Personality Disorder (MPD) is a personality disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent patterns of masochistic behavior that are pervasive, maladaptive, and self-defeating. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), individuals with MPD may display symptoms such as low self-esteem, self-destructive behavior, feelings of humiliation or defeat, and an excessive need for approval. These behaviors often lead to further psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties. Although the disorder has been recognized for many years, there is limited research on its etiology, clinical features, and treatment.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of MPD is not well understood. Studies suggest that it affects between 0.5% and 4% of the general population, although some experts believe that the prevalence may be higher. There is also evidence that MPD is more common among certain populations, such as individuals with a history of childhood trauma or those with a history of substance use disorders.
Clinical Features
The DSM-5 describes the clinical features of MPD as follows: recurrent and persistent patterns of masochistic behavior that are pervasive, maladaptive, and self-defeating; low self-esteem; feelings of humiliation or defeat; an excessive need for approval; and self-destructive behavior. Individuals with MPD may also display a lack of assertiveness, an excessive need for praise and recognition, and difficulty separating from dependent relationships. Furthermore, they may be prone to feeling guilty or ashamed of their behavior, and may have difficulty making decisions.
Etiology
The etiology of MPD is not well understood. It is hypothesized that the disorder may be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Studies suggest that individuals with a history of childhood trauma, such as physical or sexual abuse, may be at increased risk of developing MPD. Additionally, researchers have suggested that certain personality traits, such as neuroticism and agreeableness, may predispose individuals to developing the disorder.
Treatment
There is limited research on the treatment of MPD. Studies suggest that psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), may be an effective intervention. CBT has been shown to be effective in reducing masochistic behaviors and improving self-esteem. Additionally, pharmacological interventions, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may also be beneficial.
Conclusion
MPD is a personality disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent patterns of masochistic behavior that is pervasive, maladaptive, and self-defeating. Although the disorder has been recognized for many years, there is limited research on its etiology, clinical features, and treatment. Further research is needed to better understand the disorder and develop effective interventions.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Baldwin, S. A., & Berenbaum, H. (2013). Neuroticism and agreeableness in the etiology of masochistic personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(4), 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2013_27_037
Fink, P., & Taylor, M.A. (2014). Masochistic personality disorder: Prevalence and clinical implications. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(3), 264-281. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2014_28_232
Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 52(3), 6–7.
Rathod, S., & Phiri, P. (2016). Cognitive behavioural therapy for masochistic personality disorder: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0843-2