Self-Harm: Understanding the Psychology of Body Modification
Scientifically Reviewed · Dr. Marwa Abd-Alazim · September 28, 2026
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Mutilations: An Overview
Mutilations, defined as the intentional removal or alteration of body parts, have been recorded for centuries and are present in many cultures around the world (Foucault, 1975). Though there are many motivations to perform these procedures, including religious, spiritual, cultural, and aesthetic reasons, this article focuses on the medical and psychological implications of mutilation.
Medical Implications
Mutilations can have both short-term and long-term physical and psychological effects. Physically, the most common mutilation is the complete or partial amputation of a limb, which can result in loss of physical functions, such as the ability to walk, and can cause chronic pain (Bastuji-Garin et al., 2019). In addition, there can be an increased risk of infection due to the open wound, which can lead to serious health complications if not treated properly (Kott et al., 2020).
Psychological Implications
Mutilations may also have psychological consequences. People who have undergone mutilation may experience feelings of shame and guilt, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem (Muller et al., 2018). In some cases, the trauma of the event can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Rosen et al., 2020). In addition, those who have experienced mutilations may be at an increased risk for suicidal ideation (Muller et al., 2018).
Conclusion
Mutilations are a complex phenomenon that can have a wide range of physical and psychological consequences. It is important to understand the potential risks and implications, especially when considering performing a mutilation. Further research is needed to further elucidate the physical and psychological risks associated with this procedure.
References
Bastuji-Garin, S., Mokni, M., Spineli, L., Micallef, J., & Taieb, C. (2019). The physical and psychological effects of limb amputation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234494
Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage Books.
Kott, E., Murray, S., Khan, S., Anandan, C., & Chilcott, M. (2020). Management of wound infections after amputation. Injury, 51(6), 1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2020.03.011
Muller, J., de Jong, J., & van Minnen, A. (2018). The psychological sequelae of genital mutilation: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 61, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.02.004
Rosen, H., Galatzer-Levy, I., Rothbaum, B., & Resick, P. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder among female genital mutilation survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 78, 101927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101927
