The Pygmalion Effect: How Expectations Shape Success
Pygmalionism: Research on the Positive Effects of Expectations
Pygmalionism is the belief that high expectations of a person or group can lead to improved performance. This phenomenon is derived from Pygmalion, a character in Greek mythology who falls in love with a statue that he has carved himself. This concept is related to the self-fulfilling prophecy and is based on the idea that if someone is expected to perform well, they will likely do so. Pygmalionism has been observed in numerous scientific studies and has been found to have positive effects on a variety of outcomes, including academic performance, job performance, and health-related behaviors.
The concept of Pygmalionism was first described by the psychologist Robert Rosenthal in his seminal study on the effects of teacher expectations on student performance (Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968). Rosenthal found that teachers’ expectations of their students’ academic performance had a significant effect on the students’ outcomes. Specifically, students who were expected to perform well had higher scores on tests than those who were not expected to perform well. This finding has since been replicated in subsequent studies (Good & Brophy, 2003; Marx & Stapel, 2006).
Pygmalionism has also been observed in the workplace. Several studies have found that employers’ expectations of their employees’ job performance had a significant effect on the employees’ outcomes (George, 2000; Higgins, 2001). Specifically, employees who were expected to perform well had higher job performance ratings than those who were not expected to perform well.
In addition to academic and job performance, Pygmalionism has been found to have positive effects on health-related behaviors. One study found that expectations of participants’ exercise behavior had a significant effect on the participants’ outcomes (Snyder, 2002). Specifically, participants who were expected to engage in regular exercise had higher rates of physical activity than those who were not expected to do so.
Overall, the research on Pygmalionism provides evidence for the positive effects of expectations on a variety of outcomes, including academic performance, job performance, and health-related behaviors. This phenomenon is based on the idea that if someone is expected to do well, they will likely do so. Thus, individuals and organizations should strive to set high expectations for themselves and for others in order to maximize performance.
References
Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (2003). Looking in classrooms. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
George, J. M. (2000). The role of expectations in job performance. Human Relations, 53(6), 813-837.
Higgins, E. T. (2001). Achievement motivation: A social psychological analysis. Psychological Inquiry, 12(2), 189-192.
Marx, R. W., & Stapel, D. A. (2006). Self-fulfilling prophecies: A social psychological perspective. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 11-26.
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Snyder, M. (2002). Expectancy theory of motivation. In W.G. Borman, D.R. Ilgen, & R.J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 12 (pp. 127-145). New York, NY: Wiley.
