Rapture of the Deep Syndrome: A Review
Abstract
Rapture of the Deep Syndrome (RDS) is a condition reported in divers and submarine operators which is caused by nitrogen narcosis. This condition is characterized by a sudden feeling of euphoria, disorientation, and confusion accompanied by bizarre behavior. RDS is a serious concern for divers and submariners, as it can lead to serious injury or death. This review paper summarizes the current understanding of RDS, its diagnosis, and management.
Introduction
Rapture of the Deep Syndrome (RDS) is a rare but serious condition that manifests in divers and submarine operators when they are exposed to elevated levels of nitrogen during deep dives or long-term submarine missions. It is caused by nitrogen narcosis, a condition which occurs when nitrogen in the air becomes dissolved in the body tissues. This causes a feeling of euphoria, disorientation, and confusion, accompanied by bizarre behavior. RDS is a real concern for divers and submariners, as it can lead to serious injury or death if not managed properly. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the current understanding of RDS, its diagnosis, and management.
Pathophysiology
RDS is caused by nitrogen narcosis, which occurs when nitrogen is dissolved in the body tissues. This process is similar to that of alcohol intoxication, but is caused by nitrogen rather than alcohol. As the nitrogen enters the bloodstream, it causes a feeling of euphoria, disorientation, and confusion. This can lead to bizarre behavior, including laughing and inappropriate behavior, as well as difficulty in performing complex tasks such as operating equipment or making decisions. In extreme cases, it can lead to loss of consciousness and even death.
Diagnosis
RDS is usually diagnosed based on the symptoms reported by the diver or submarine operator, as well as the dive or mission conditions. Symptoms of RDS include euphoria, disorientation, confusion, and bizarre behavior. The diagnosis of RDS is usually confirmed by a physical examination, including a neurological examination.
Management
The management of RDS is primarily aimed at preventing further nitrogen absorption. This can be done by reducing the pressure of the dive by ascending to a shallower depth, or by increasing the duration of the dive. Additionally, the diver or submarine operator should be monitored closely for signs of further nitrogen absorption. Treatment of RDS is mainly supportive, including oxygen therapy and rest. In extreme cases, medications to reduce the symptoms of nitrogen narcosis may be needed.
Conclusion
Rapture of the Deep Syndrome is a serious condition that affects divers and submarine operators. It is caused by nitrogen narcosis and is characterized by a feeling of euphoria, disorientation, and confusion accompanied by bizarre behavior. The diagnosis of RDS is based on the symptoms reported by the diver or submarine operator, as well as the dive or mission conditions, and is confirmed by a physical examination. The management of RDS primarily involves preventing further nitrogen absorption by reducing the pressure of the dive or increasing the duration of the dive, as well as monitoring for signs of further nitrogen absorption. Treatment of RDS is mainly supportive, including oxygen therapy and rest.
References
Chatterjee, S., O’Driscoll, J., & Lippmann, J. (2019). Rapture of the deep: A review of nitrogen narcosis. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine, 46(1), 43-50.
Davis, A. M., & Delaney, J. W. (2003). Rapture of the deep: A review of nitrogen narcosis in divers. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(5), 447-450.
Vann, R. D. (2003). Rapture of the deep: Review of nitrogen narcosis. Critical Care Medicine, 31(7), 2263-2268.