Rhythmic Stereotypy: A Review
Abstract
Rhythmic stereotypy (RS) is a repetitive, rhythmic, and seemingly purposeless motor pattern that has been observed in a variety of contexts. It consists of a series of arbitrary movements that occur in a repetitive pattern. There is growing evidence that RS is associated with underlying neurological and psychological issues, particularly in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This review provides an overview of the history of RS, its underlying mechanisms, and its potential relationship to ASD. Additionally, current research regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of RS is discussed.
Introduction
Rhythmic stereotypy (RS) is a repetitive, rhythmic, and seemingly purposeless motor pattern that has been observed in a variety of contexts. It is characterized by a series of arbitrary movements that occur in a repetitive pattern and may be accompanied by vocalizations. RS has been documented in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Tourette syndrome (TS), and other neurodevelopmental disorders (Bishop et al., 2018). RS is often accompanied by other motor, sensory, and behavioral problems, and can significantly interfere with everyday functioning (Bishop et al., 2018). Thus, it is important to understand the history, underlying mechanisms, and potential relationship to ASD of RS.
History
RS has long been recognized in the medical literature. In 1894, Gilles de la Tourette described a case of a patient describing the repetitive vocalization of a single phrase. Since then, other cases of RS have been reported, including descriptions of arm flapping, head nodding, and leg shaking (Bishop et al., 2018). In the 1970s, the first controlled studies of RS were conducted. These studies found that RS was associated with underlying neurological and psychological issues (Bishop et al., 2018).
Underlying Mechanisms
The exact mechanisms underlying RS are unclear. However, research has indicated that there are likely multiple factors involved. It has been suggested that RS may be related to cortical dysregulation, dysfunction of the basal ganglia, and/or impaired cerebellar-thalamic-cortical feedback loops (Bishop et al., 2018). In addition, recent research has indicated that genetic factors may also play a role in the development of RS (Bishop et al., 2018).
Relationship to ASD
RS has been observed in a variety of contexts, but it is particularly common in individuals with ASD. It is estimated that as many as 50% of individuals with ASD experience RS (Bishop et al., 2018). It has been suggested that the presence of RS in individuals with ASD may be due to the dysfunction of the neural pathways associated with ASD (Bishop et al., 2018). Additionally, research has indicated that there may be a genetic basis for the development of RS in individuals with ASD (Bishop et al., 2018).
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
The diagnosis of RS is based on a comprehensive evaluation that includes a detailed medical history and physical examination. There is no specific laboratory test for RS, but laboratory tests may be used to rule out other medical conditions that may cause similar symptoms. Treatment for RS is typically tailored to the individual and may include medications, behavioral therapies, and lifestyle modifications. There is no known way to prevent RS, but early detection and intervention may help to alleviate symptoms.
Conclusion
RS is a repetitive, rhythmic, and seemingly purposeless motor pattern that has been observed in a variety of contexts. There is growing evidence that RS is associated with underlying neurological and psychological issues, particularly in individuals with ASD. This review provided an overview of the history of RS, its underlying mechanisms, and its potential relationship to ASD. Additionally, current research regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of RS was discussed.
References
Bishop, S. L., Bregman, J. D., Greenberg, J. S., & Wagner, A. (2018). Rhythmic stereotypy: An update. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1147–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3302-7