Sleep Terror Disorder (STD) is a sleep disorder characterized by an abrupt awakening from sleep accompanied by intense fear and autonomic arousal. This disorder is a type of parasomnia, which is a category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or during awakening. The arousal associated with STD can include intense fear, screaming, confusion, and sometimes violent behavior (Hirshkowitz, 2015).
Although the exact cause of STD is unknown, it is believed to be related to an underlying psychological disorder or a sleep disturbance such as sleep apnea (Hirshkowitz, 2015). It is also believed that stress, poor sleep hygiene, and certain medications can contribute to the occurrence of sleep terror episodes (Kryger et al., 2017).
STD is most commonly seen in children, with a peak age of occurrence between 3-7 years old (Kryger et al., 2017). However, it is important to note that it can occur in adults as well. In adults, the episodes are less frequent and the duration of the episodes is typically shorter when compared to children (Kryger et al., 2017).
The diagnosis of STD is based on the patient’s history and physical examination. The patient’s history should include a detailed description of the episodes, as well as any medications, lifestyle, and environmental factors that may have contributed to the episode. A physical examination can also help rule out any other medical conditions that could be causing the episodes (Kryger et al., 2017).
Treatment for STD should focus on identifying and addressing any underlying psychological or sleep disturbances. It is also important to ensure that the patient is following good sleep hygiene practices and avoiding any potential triggers (Kryger et al., 2017). Medication may be used to help manage the episodes, such as benzodiazepines or antidepressants. However, these medications should only be used as a last resort (Kryger et al., 2017).
In conclusion, sleep terror disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by an abrupt awakening from sleep accompanied by intense fear and autonomic arousal. It is most commonly seen in children, but can occur in adults as well. The diagnosis of STD is based on the patient’s history and physical examination. Treatment should focus on identifying and addressing any underlying psychological or sleep disturbances, as well as ensuring the patient is following good sleep hygiene practices. Medication may be used to help manage the episodes, but should only be used as a last resort.
References
Hirshkowitz, M. (2015). Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Aspects. Academic Press.
Kryger, M. H., Roth, T., & Dement, W. C. (2017). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Elsevier.