Tag: retrospective research

February 6, 2026 / Mohammed looti

RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH

Introduction to Retrospective Research Retrospective research, often termed historical or case-control study design, constitutes a critical methodology within the empirical sciences, particularly in fields such as epidemiology, public health, and clinical medicine. Fundamentally, this approach involves looking backward in time to examine past exposures, events, or characteristics in relation to present outcomes or conditions. Unlike […]

October 8, 2025 / Mohammed looti

EX POST FACTO RESEARCH

EX POST FACTO RESEARCH Ex post facto research, often translated literally as “after the fact” research, constitutes a critical category within non-experimental quantitative methodology. It is fundamentally defined as a systematic empirical inquiry in which the researcher begins by observing a dependent variable—an effect or outcome—and subsequently attempts to trace the possible antecedent factors or […]