FALSE CAUSE: Introduction and Definition The fallacy of False Cause, known formally as Non Causa Pro Causa, represents one of the most fundamental and pervasive errors in informal logic and reasoning, holding significant implications across scientific, philosophical, and everyday discourse. This fallacy is fundamentally characterized by the erroneous assumption that a temporal sequence of events […]
Causal Ambiguity The Core Definition of Causal Ambiguity Causal Ambiguity refers to a fundamental methodological challenge encountered in psychological and social sciences where it becomes impossible to definitively ascertain the precise nature of the relationship between two or more observed phenomena. Fundamentally, it describes a scenario in which multiple potential causal pathways exist concurrently, making […]
Reverse Causality in Psychological Research The Core Definition of Reverse Causality Reverse causality, often termed bidirectional causality or reverse causation, is a critical methodological issue encountered when analyzing the relationship between two variables, X and Y. It occurs specifically when the observed effect of one variable on another is mistakenly interpreted, because the true direction […]