Temporal bones are paired bones located at the base of the skull, just above the neck, which form part of the skull and protect the brain by interconnecting the cranial and facial bones. They are part of the auditory and vestibular systems, which are responsible for hearing and balance. The temporal bones are composed of four major parts: the squama, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. Each temporal bone has a number of important structures, including the external auditory meatus, the auditory ossicles, the middle and inner ear, the mastoid air cells, the cochlea, the carotid canal, the jugular foramen, the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, the vagus nerve, and the internal carotid artery. In addition, the temporal bones contain the organs of balance, the saccule and the utricle, which are responsible for providing positional information to the brain.
Temporal bones are one of the most frequently fractured bones in the human body, due to their proximity to the face and the head and neck. Temporal bone fractures may result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, and physical abuse. Although temporal bone fractures can be serious and may require surgical intervention, they usually heal well with conservative treatment.
The diagnosis of temporal bone fractures is based on clinical examination and imaging studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are typically used to evaluate the extent of the fracture and to identify any associated injuries. The treatment of temporal bone fractures depends on the severity of the injury and may include observation, medication, physical therapy, and surgery.
Temporal bone fractures are a common injury that can be serious but usually heal well with conservative treatment. It is important that any trauma to the head and neck area, including temporal bones, be evaluated by a healthcare provider to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.
References
Fitzgerald, R. J., & Moore, K. E. (2020). Temporal bone fractures. American Family Physician, 101(8), 517-522.
Gardner, G. M., & O’Leary, M. J. (2005). Temporal bone fractures. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 26(6), 407-414.
Krempl, G. A., & Schachern, P. A. (2003). Temporal bone fractures. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 36(6), 1203-1218.
Rosenfeld, R. M., & Hillel, A. T. (2007). Temporal bone fractures: Diagnosis and management. Otology & Neurotology, 28(7), 996-1007.