Alienation is a concept that has been present in many different areas of life, ranging from the social sciences to philosophy and psychology. It is defined as a state of disconnection from one’s environment, or a feeling of not belonging (Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003). This can manifest in many different forms, such as a sense of powerlessness, isolation, and a feeling of not being understood (Van Deurzen, 2010). It is often seen as a symptom of social and cultural problems, as well as a sign of mental health issues.
Research into alienation has been conducted in many different contexts, such as the workplace (Hodson & Kacmar, 2000), school (Kohlberg, 1969), and even online communities (Kraut et al., 1998). This research has shown that alienation can have many different causes, such as social exclusion, feeling as if one’s needs are not being met, or feeling that one’s actions are not making a difference in the world (Eisenberger et al., 2003).
The psychological effects of alienation have been studied extensively as well. Studies have found that it can lead to feelings of hopelessness, depression, and anxiety (Kraut et al., 1998). It can also lead to an increase in aggression and hostility, as well as an increase in substance abuse (Hodson & Kacmar, 2000).
In addition to psychological effects, alienation can have a variety of social consequences. It can lead to a decrease in social support, as well as a decrease in social participation (Van Deurzen, 2010). Alienation can also lead to a decrease in political engagement, which can have a negative impact on a society as a whole (Hodson & Kacmar, 2000).
In order to combat alienation, it is important to address the underlying causes, such as social exclusion and feeling as if one’s needs are not being met. Additionally, it is important to create an environment where people feel connected and accepted. This can be done through creating opportunities for meaningful social interactions, as well as providing support and resources to those who are feeling alienated.
In conclusion, alienation is a phenomenon that has been studied extensively in many different contexts. It can have a variety of psychological and social consequences, and it is important to address the underlying causes in order to combat it.
References
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089134
Hodson, R., & Kacmar, K. M. (2000). The effects of interpersonal and organizational alienation on employee attitudes and behaviors. Human Relations, 53(10), 1359–1386. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267005351002
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological wellbeing? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017
Van Deurzen, E. (2010). Everyday mysteries: Existential dimensions of psychotherapy. London, UK: Routledge.