Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD): Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed neurological disorder that is characterized by difficulty sustaining attention, impulsivity, and/or overactivity. This paper will discuss the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of ADD/ADHD, including the role of medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes.
Introduction
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed neurological disorder that is characterized by difficulty sustaining attention, impulsivity, and/or overactivity. This disorder affects both children and adults and can have a significant impact on a person’s ability to function in daily life. In order to properly treat ADD/ADHD, it is important to understand the underlying causes and to be aware of the various diagnosis and treatment options available.
Causes
The exact cause of ADD/ADHD is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Research suggests that ADD/ADHD is likely to be inherited, as it is more common among relatives of those with the disorder. Other risk factors include maternal smoking and/or alcohol use during pregnancy, premature birth, and exposure to environmental toxins.
Diagnosis
ADD/ADHD is typically diagnosed based on a person’s behavior and history. A physician will ask about a person’s symptoms, such as difficulty sustaining attention, impulsivity, or overactivity. The doctor may also use tests to assess the person’s cognitive abilities, such as memory and problem-solving skills.
Treatment
Treatment for ADD/ADHD typically involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Medications, such as stimulants, non-stimulants, and antidepressants, can help to improve focus and reduce hyperactivity. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help to address underlying issues related to the disorder. Finally, lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and good sleep hygiene, can help to improve symptoms and functioning.
Conclusion
ADD/ADHD is a common neurological disorder that is characterized by difficulty sustaining attention, impulsivity, and/or overactivity. The cause of ADD/ADHD is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is based on a person’s behavior and history, and treatment typically involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 366(9481), 237-248.
DuPaul, G. J., Schaughency, E. A., Weyandt, L. L., O’Dell, S., & Varejao, M. S. (2014). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., … & Wilens, T. E. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716-723.
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1998). Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(4), 565-576.