Bilineal Descent: Definition, History, and Applications
Abstract
This article examines bilineal descent, which is a type of kinship system in which an individual is linked to two distinct lines of descent. It begins with a definition of bilineal descent and then outlines its history and development. The article then discusses the various ways in which bilineal descent is used in anthropology and sociology today, as well as the implications and applications of bilineal descent for modern societies.
Keywords: Bilineal descent, kinship system, anthropology, sociology
Introduction
Bilineal descent is a type of kinship system in which an individual is linked to two distinct lines of descent. In this system, individuals have two sets of ancestors, one from each side of their family. This system of descent is found among many different cultures and societies throughout the world, and it has significant implications for social structure, identity, and relationships.
Definition
Bilineal descent is defined as a type of kinship system in which an individual is linked to two distinct lines of descent. In this system, individuals have two sets of ancestors, one from each side of their family. This type of descent is often referred to as bilateral descent, which is used to distinguish it from unilineal descent, in which individuals are connected to one line of descent only.
History and Development
Bilineal descent has been documented in many different cultures around the world, including those in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In some cases, it is believed to be the original type of kinship system, with societies transitioning to unilineal descent over time.
In the 19th century, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim proposed that societies could be divided into two types: those based on unilineal descent and those based on bilateral descent. Durkheim argued that these two types of descent had different implications for social organization and identity.
Applications
Bilineal descent is used in anthropology and sociology to examine the structure and dynamics of kinship systems. It is also used to study the development of social identity and the formation of social networks. For example, studies have examined the ways in which bilineal descent influences marriage patterns and the formation of social groups.
In addition, bilineal descent is used to explore the implications of kinship systems for political power and decision-making. For instance, studies have looked at the ways in which bilineal descent affects the distribution of resources and the ability of certain groups to wield power.
Conclusion
Bilineal descent is a type of kinship system in which an individual is linked to two distinct lines of descent. This system has been documented in many different cultures around the world, and it has significant implications for social structure, identity, and relationships. Bilineal descent is used in anthropology and sociology to explore the structure and dynamics of kinship systems, as well as the implications of these systems for political power and decision-making.
References
Durkheim, E. (1893). The Division of Labor in Society. New York: Free Press.
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press.
Lowie, R.H. (1907). Primitive Society. New York: Macmillan.
Sahlins, M.D. (1972). Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine.
Schneider, D.M. (1980). American Kinship: A Cultural Account. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Weiner, J.F. (2005). Kinship and Social Organization. London: Routledge.