Bradykinesia is a motor disorder characterized by slowness of movement, reduced spontaneous movement, and an overall decrease in physical activity. It is one of the core symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, a chronic neurological disorder that affects motor function and is caused by the death of neurons in the brain. Bradykinesia can also be seen in other neurological conditions, such as Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, dystonia, and cerebellar ataxia. In addition, it can be caused by certain medications and other medical conditions, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and metabolic disturbances.
The primary symptom of bradykinesia is slowness of movement, which is usually associated with difficulty initiating and completing voluntary movement. This can be seen in the form of reduced arm swing while walking, decreased facial expressions, and difficulty performing activities of daily living. Patients may also experience difficulty starting movements, such as picking up objects, speaking, and writing. Other symptoms can include an overall decrease in physical activity, difficulty speaking, poor coordination, and tremor.
Diagnosis of bradykinesia is usually based on a patient’s medical history, physical examination, and neurological testing. Neurological tests such as electromyography (EMG), brain imaging, and laboratory tests may be used to further diagnose the condition. Treatment typically includes medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Medications such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be prescribed to help improve motor skills and reduce symptoms. Physical therapy can help improve muscle strength and coordination, while lifestyle modifications such as exercise, stress management, and nutrition can help manage symptoms.
In conclusion, bradykinesia is a motor disorder characterized by slowness of movement, reduced spontaneous movement, and an overall decrease in physical activity. It is one of the core symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and can also be seen in other neurological conditions. Diagnosis of bradykinesia is usually based on a patient’s medical history, physical examination, and neurological testing. Treatment typically includes medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.
References
American Academy of Neurology. (2020). Bradykinesia. Retrieved from https://www.aan.com/conditions/bradykinesia/
Dorsey, E. R., Constantinescu, R., Thompson, J. P., Biglan, K. M., & Kieburtz, K. (2008). Measures of bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Movement Disorders, 23(6), 787-794. doi:10.1002/mds.21952
Kumar, S. & Singh, P. (2017). Bradykinesia in neurological disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology, 30(3), 259-264. doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000395
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2020). Bradykinesia. Retrieved from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Bradykinesia-Fact-Sheet