Intermarriage: A Review of Research Intermarriage, or marriage between two individuals from different ethnic, racial, or religious backgrounds, has become increasingly common in the United States over the last several decades. This review examines the literature on intermarriage, exploring its prevalence, causes, consequences, and attitudes. The review finds that intermarriage is associated with a variety …
In Vivo Exposure Therapy: Overview and Evidence-Based Treatment Introduction In vivo exposure therapy (IVET) is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) used to treat individuals with anxiety disorders. It is based on the principles of habituation and extinction that states that repeated exposure to a feared stimulus, in a safe and supportive environment, will lead …
Interface: Understanding the Complexity of Interaction Between Systems Interfaces are a critical component of any system as they allow for communication and interaction between different components. Interfaces are found in all areas of computing, including network architectures, operating systems, software applications, and hardware designs. As technology advances, the complexity of interfaces continues to increase, making …
Introduction Internal evaluators are an increasingly important component of organizational assessment and improvement efforts. With the rise of quality management practices, the use of internal evaluation techniques has become increasingly important for organizations to ensure their processes and systems are aligned with their desired outcomes. This article will discuss the role of internal evaluators, the …
Item-to-Item Reliability: An Overview Reliability is an important concept in psychological research and assessment. It is the degree to which a measure is consistent in producing the same results when administered to the same population. Item-to-item reliability, also known as internal consistency reliability, examines the consistency of individual items within a test or measure. This …
Isomorphism is a term used in mathematics to describe a relationship between two structures or objects that have the same form or structure, even though the elements may differ. In graph theory, isomorphism refers to two graphs that are identical in structure, with the same number of vertices, edges, and the same connection between them. …
Introduction Irradiation is a method of treating food with ionizing radiation. This process has been used for decades to preserve food and has been shown to reduce microbial populations, delay spoilage and extend shelf life. The effects of food irradiation have been studied extensively, and the research indicates that overall, irradiation is a safe and …
The involuntary nervous system is a vital component of human physiology, providing essential functions to maintain physiological homeostasis. The involuntary nervous system consists of two distinct branches: the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. In this article, we review our current understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of these two branches of …
In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have studied the effectiveness of the Isokinetic Performance Assessment (IPA) as an alternative to traditional lower limb strength measurements. The IPA 1 is the first version of the IPA, developed by D.F. Peterson et al. in 1989. The IPA 1 is a computer-based system that measures the …
