Conduct Disorder: A Review of Current Research
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder that is characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. It is one of the most common mental health problems in childhood and adolescence, and is associated with a wide range of physical, psychological, educational, and social problems. This article reviews the current research on CD, including its prevalence, etiology, clinical assessment, and evidence-based treatments. A better understanding of the disorder and its underlying causes can help inform prevention strategies and guide the development of more effective treatments.
Keywords: Conduct disorder, diagnosis, treatment, etiology
Introduction
Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder that is characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is one of the most common mental health problems in childhood and adolescence, and is associated with a wide range of physical, psychological, educational, and social problems (Achenbach, McConaughy, & Howell, 1987). CD has been linked to a variety of negative outcomes, including delinquency, substance abuse, school dropout, and poverty (Costello, Erkanli, & Angold, 2006). Despite its prevalence, there is still much to be learned about the disorder and its underlying causes. This article reviews the current research on CD, including its prevalence, etiology, clinical assessment, and evidence-based treatments.
Prevalence
CD is estimated to affect between 5 and 16 percent of children and adolescents (Achenbach et al., 1987). It is more common in boys than girls, and the prevalence increases with age (Achenbach et al., 1987). CD is also associated with a variety of other mental health disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (Achenbach et al., 1987).
Etiology
The exact etiology of CD is still not fully understood, but research suggests that it is likely caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors (Costello et al., 2006). Genetic factors may play a role in the development of CD, as children who have a family history of the disorder are more likely to develop it themselves (Costello et al., 2006). Environmental factors such as poverty, family dysfunction, and exposure to violence may also contribute to the development of CD (Costello et al., 2006). Finally, psychosocial factors such as poor parenting and peer rejection have also been linked to CD (Costello et al., 2006).
Clinical Assessment
CD is diagnosed based on a clinical assessment that includes a thorough history and physical examination (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The clinician should also consider any comorbid mental health disorders, such as ADHD or ODD, as they may influence the diagnosis and treatment of CD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Treatment
The treatment of CD should be tailored to the individual, as the disorder is highly variable and can manifest differently in different individuals (Costello et al., 2006). Evidence-based treatments for CD include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychosocial interventions, and medication (Costello et al., 2006). CBT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on helping the patient identify and change maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors (Costello et al., 2006). Psychosocial interventions such as family therapy and parent training can also be effective in treating CD (Costello et al., 2006). Finally, medication such as stimulants and antidepressants may be used to treat comorbid mental health disorders (Costello et al., 2006).
Conclusion
CD is a common mental health disorder that is associated with a wide range of physical, psychological, educational, and social problems. Research suggests that CD is likely caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The diagnosis of CD is based on a thorough clinical assessment, and the treatment should be tailored to the individual. Evidence-based treatments for CD include cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychosocial interventions, and medication. A better understanding of the disorder and its underlying causes can help inform prevention strategies and guide the development of more effective treatments.
References
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavior and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213-232.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 12-25.