Contraception is a critical component of reproductive health that enables individuals to plan and space their pregnancies, reducing health risks for both mothers and infants (Hogan et al., 2018). Contraceptive methods are available in both hormonal and non-hormonal forms, with a wide range of efficacy and convenience (Trussell, 2019). In this article, we will discuss the various types of contraception, their effectiveness, and potential side effects.
Hormonal contraception methods include oral contraceptives, injectables, hormonal implants, and vaginal rings (Trussell, 2019). Oral contraceptives, or “the pill,” are one of the most popular forms of contraception, and are taken daily (Trussell, 2019). Injectable contraceptives, such as Depo-Provera, are typically administered every three months (Trussell, 2019). Hormonal implants, such as Implanon and Nexplanon, are inserted under the skin and last for up to three years (Trussell, 2019). Lastly, vaginal rings, such as NuvaRing, are inserted into the vagina and worn for three weeks, then removed for one week (Trussell, 2019).
Hormonal contraception methods are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a typical use failure rate of 8-9% (Trussell, 2019). Perfect use failure rates are much lower, typically 2-3%, making them among the most effective methods of contraception available (Trussell, 2019). Hormonal contraception is also generally safe, although it may cause side effects such as nausea, headaches, and breast tenderness (Trussell, 2019).
Non-hormonal contraception methods include condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides (Trussell, 2019). Condoms are the most common form of contraception, and are available in both male and female varieties (Trussell, 2019). Diaphragms are dome-shaped devices that are inserted into the vagina and are typically used in conjunction with spermicides (Trussell, 2019). Spermicides are chemicals that are applied to the vagina and act to kill sperm (Trussell, 2019).
Non-hormonal contraception methods are less effective than hormonal methods, with a typical use failure rate of 18% (Trussell, 2019). Perfect use failure rates are much lower, typically 6-12%, making them still relatively effective (Trussell, 2019). Non-hormonal contraception is also generally safe, although it may cause side effects such as irritation and allergic reactions (Trussell, 2019).
In conclusion, there are a variety of contraception methods available, with varying levels of effectiveness and safety. Hormonal contraception methods are highly effective and generally safe, while non-hormonal methods are less effective but also generally safe. It is important to discuss contraception options with a healthcare provider in order to determine the best method for an individual’s needs.
References
Hogan, M. C., Dall, T. M., & Zolna, M. R. (2018). Contraceptive need and use in the United States, 2014. Contraception, 97(6), 437-444.
Trussell, J. (2019). Contraceptive efficacy. In Contraceptive technology (21st ed., pp. 3-30). New York, NY: Ardent Media.