Depth-of-Processing Hypothesis: An Overview
The Depth-of-Processing Hypothesis (DPH) is an influential theory of information processing, memory, and learning proposed by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972. It suggests that the deeper the level of processing, the better the recall of information. The DPH posits that the manner in which information is encountered and processed will affect the degree of recall of that information. This means that the more meaningful and elaborate the processing that occurs, the better the memory of the information will be.
The DPH has been used to explain a wide range of cognitive phenomena. For example, the theory has been used to explain the superiority of semantic processing or elaborative processing over shallow processing. Under the DPH, shallow processing involves encoding only the surface features of the information, such as its sound or physical appearance. On the other hand, semantic processing or elaborative processing involves encoding the underlying meaning of the information, such as its relationship to other concepts or its implications. Research has found that when information is processed at a deeper level, it is more likely to be remembered.
The DPH has also been used to explain the superiority of the generation effect over the recognition effect. The generation effect states that when information is generated, rather than simply recognized, it is more likely to be remembered. This effect has been explained by the DPH, which suggests that when information is generated, it is processed at a deeper level, leading to better recall.
Finally, the DPH has been used to explain the superiority of meaningful processing over rote processing. Meaningful processing involves forming connections between new information and prior knowledge, while rote processing involves memorizing information without forming any meaningful connections. Research has found that when information is processed meaningfully, it is more likely to be remembered.
In summary, the Depth-of-Processing Hypothesis is an influential theory of information processing, memory, and learning proposed by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972. According to the DPH, the deeper the level of processing, the better the recall of information. The DPH has been used to explain a wide range of cognitive phenomena, including the superiority of semantic processing or elaborative processing over shallow processing, the generation effect over the recognition effect, and meaningful processing over rote processing.
References
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684.
Glanzer, M., & Cunitz, A. R. (1966). Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5(4), 351–360.
Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), 181–210.