Differential Emotions Theory (DET) is an influential theory in psychology developed by Carroll E. Izard in the early 1970s. DET posits that emotions are universal, distinct, and discrete, and that they can be studied and identified through facial expressions and behaviors. According to the theory, these emotions can be organized into four distinct classes, which include pleasure, displeasure, surprise, and fear. Additionally, DET suggests that emotions can be differentiated from one another based on the intensity of their experience.
The theory provides a framework for understanding the functions and development of emotions in humans. According to Izard, emotions are organized into two categories: primary and secondary emotions. Primary emotions are innate and universal, while secondary emotions are learned and can vary based on cultural and individual factors. In addition, emotions can also be organized into four distinct clusters, which include pleasure, displeasure, surprise, and fear.
Izard’s theory has been influential in the field of psychology, providing a framework for assessing and understanding the nature of emotions. In particular, the theory has been used to explore the development of emotions in children and to study the effects of different types of emotions on behavior. Furthermore, the theory has been applied to the study of the effects of emotions on decision-making and on interpersonal relationships.
The DET has been supported by a number of empirical studies. For example, research has found that primary emotions, such as pleasure and displeasure, are expressed more intensely than secondary emotions, such as surprise and fear. Additionally, research has demonstrated that emotions can be differentiated based on the intensity of their experience. Furthermore, research has shown that emotions can have an impact on decision-making and interpersonal relationships.
Overall, DET provides a framework for understanding the nature of emotions and their effects on behavior. Although the theory has been influential, it should be noted that DET is not without its critics. Criticisms of the theory include its focus on facial expressions and behavior, which may limit its applicability to other domains. Additionally, the theory has been criticized for its lack of consideration for the role of cognition in emotions.
References
Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 3–20). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Kross, E., & Gross, J. J. (2005). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 12(2), 193–204.
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211.