Disconnection Syndrome: A Review
Abstract
Disconnection Syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by dissociative symptoms, such as depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia. It is associated with a variety of psychological, neurological, and physical symptoms, and is often misdiagnosed due to its multifaceted nature. This review article examines the evidence for Disconnection Syndrome, its symptoms, associated conditions, and treatment approaches.
Introduction
Disconnection Syndrome is a complex neurological disorder characterized by dissociative symptoms, such as depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia. It is primarily associated with psychological trauma, but may also be caused by a variety of neurological and physical conditions. Despite its multifaceted nature, Disconnection Syndrome is often misdiagnosed because of its complex symptoms. This review article will examine the evidence for Disconnection Syndrome, its symptoms, associated conditions, and treatment approaches.
Symptoms
The primary symptoms of Disconnection Syndrome are depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia. Depersonalization is a feeling of detachment from one’s own body, mind, or environment. Derealization is a feeling of detachment from the external world, as if the world is not “real.” Dissociative amnesia is a form of amnesia in which the individual is unable to recall events or experiences from their life. Other associated symptoms include dissociative identity disorder, depression, anxiety, fear, and disturbed sleep.
Associated Conditions
Disconnection Syndrome is associated with a variety of psychological, neurological, and physical conditions. Psychological trauma is the most common cause of Disconnection Syndrome, and is typically associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression. Neurological conditions such as epilepsy, head trauma, and stroke may also be associated with Disconnection Syndrome. Physical conditions such as chronic pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia may also be associated with Disconnection Syndrome.
Treatment
The treatment of Disconnection Syndrome typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Psychotherapy can help the individual recognize and address the underlying causes of their symptoms. Medications such as antidepressants and anxiolytics may be used to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, medications such as antipsychotics and mood stabilizers may be used to reduce symptoms of psychosis and mania.
Conclusion
Disconnection Syndrome is a complex neurological disorder characterized by dissociative symptoms, such as depersonalization, derealization, and dissociative amnesia. It is primarily associated with psychological trauma, but may also be caused by a variety of neurological and physical conditions. Despite its multifaceted nature, Disconnection Syndrome is often misdiagnosed because of its complex symptoms. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Friedman, S. J., & Bromet, E. J. (2011). The epidemiology of dissociative disorders. In M. J. Friedman (Ed.), Dissociative disorders (pp. 1–21). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Korzekwa, M., & Kisiel-Sajewicz, K. (2015). Disconnection syndrome: Clinical features, etiology, and treatment. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 19(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2014.963200
van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York, NY: Viking.