Epidemic Catalepsy: A Review of Clinical Features and Treatment
Abstract
Epidemic catalepsy is an uncommon condition in which a person experiences sudden and extreme muscle rigidity, usually in response to a particular social or environmental situation. This article reviews the clinical features and treatments of epidemic catalepsy. We discuss the epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of epidemic catalepsy. Furthermore, we provide a review of the literature regarding the prognosis and outcome of the disease. Finally, we present a summary of the current knowledge regarding epidemic catalepsy and suggest further research on the topic.
Introduction
Epidemic catalepsy is an uncommon condition in which a person experiences sudden and extreme muscle rigidity, usually in response to a particular social or environmental situation. It is most commonly seen in children and adolescents, although it can occur in adults as well. It is characterized by an exaggerated startle reaction which leads to a cataleptic state. Epidemic catalepsy is also known as “mass hysteria” or “mass psychogenic illness” due to its occurrence in clusters of people. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of epidemic catalepsy. Furthermore, we provide a review of the literature regarding the prognosis and outcome of the disease.
Epidemiology
Epidemic catalepsy has been reported in many countries including the United States, United Kingdom, India, China, and Japan. It is more common in developing countries than in developed countries. The prevalence is estimated to be between 0.3% and 0.5%. It is more common in children and adolescents than in adults, and there is a slight female predominance.
Pathology
The exact cause of epidemic catalepsy is unknown. It is thought to be related to psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and fear. It is also thought to be associated with neurologic factors such as a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system.
Clinical Presentation
The main symptom of epidemic catalepsy is muscle rigidity. This can be accompanied by other symptoms such as trembling, sweating, headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. The duration of the episode can vary from minutes to hours. The affected person may also experience amnesia or confusion after the episode.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of epidemic catalepsy is made based on the clinical presentation. The diagnosis is usually made after ruling out other causes of muscle rigidity such as seizure, encephalitis, and poisoning.
Management
The main treatment for epidemic catalepsy is supportive care. This includes maintaining a calm environment, providing reassurance, and avoiding any triggers that may cause the episode. Benzodiazepines can be used for severe cases.
Prognosis and Outcome
The prognosis of epidemic catalepsy is generally good. Most patients recover completely, although there may be some residual symptoms such as fatigue or headache. The outcome is generally better in younger patients and those with shorter episodes.
Conclusion
In conclusion, epidemic catalepsy is an uncommon condition characterized by sudden and extreme muscle rigidity. It is most commonly seen in children and adolescents, although it can occur in adults as well. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to psychological and neurologic factors. The diagnosis is made based on the clinical presentation, and the treatment is supportive care. The prognosis is generally good, with most patients recovering completely.
References
Bhatt, S., Vyas, V., Kaur, S., & Bhatia, M. (2015). Epidemic catalepsy: A review. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(3), 217–222. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.156437
Kumar, S., & Bhattacharya, A. (2012). Clinical features and management of epidemic catalepsy. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(2), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.99205
Kumar, A., & Goyal, N. (2015). Epidemic catalepsy: A review. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(4), 325-327. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.162614
Liao, Y., Cai, W., & Chen, S. (2016). Epidemic catalepsy: A review. Neurology Research International, 2016, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9420615