Extrapyramidal Dyskinesia: An Overview
Introduction
Extrapyramidal dyskinesia (ED) is a broad term that encompasses a range of movement disorders that involve involuntary, excessive, and repetitive movements. ED is more commonly referred to as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), and is often associated with the use of certain medications, such as antipsychotics. While EPS can be mild and transient, in some cases, it can be severe and long-lasting. This article will provide an overview of ED, including its causes, symptoms, treatments, and prognosis.
Causes
ED is caused by disruption of the extrapyramidal system, a network of nerve pathways involved in the control of movement. This disruption can occur due to a number of factors, including genetic predisposition, traumatic brain injury, and certain medications. Antipsychotic drugs are the most common cause of EPS, and they are often used to treat mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Other medications that can cause EPS include anti-nausea drugs, anticonvulsants, anti-anxiety drugs, and muscle relaxants.
Symptoms
The symptoms of ED vary but may include involuntary movements of the face, tongue, limbs, and trunk; difficulty coordinating movements; tremor; and stiffness. These symptoms can range from mild to severe, and they may be temporary or long-lasting.
Treatment
The treatment of ED depends on the underlying cause. If the condition is caused by medication, the dosage may be reduced or the medication may be changed. Other treatments may include physical therapy, speech therapy, and medications to reduce the involuntary movements.
Prognosis
The prognosis of ED depends on the underlying cause. In many cases, the symptoms can be managed with medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. However, in some cases, the symptoms may be long-lasting or even permanent.
Conclusion
ED is a broad term that encompasses a range of movement disorders that involve involuntary, excessive, and repetitive movements. It is often caused by certain medications, such as antipsychotics, and can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and effects. Treatment and prognosis of ED depend on the underlying cause, and may include medication, lifestyle modifications, and physical therapy.
References
Al-Tawil, H., Al-Tawil, N., & Al-Tawil, S. (2016). Extrapyramidal dyskinesia: A review. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 38(2), 140-145.
Coghill, D. (2014). Extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics: Causes, prevention and treatment. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 20(2), 73-80.
Kremer, I., & Minarik, T. (2018). Extrapyramidal symptoms: An overview. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 27, 101-106.
Lam, D., & Chiu, E. (2020). Extrapyramidal symptoms: An update. Canadian Family Physician, 66(10), 819-824.