Manganese Poisoning: Definition, History, and Future Perspectives
Manganese poisoning, also known as manganism, is an occupational neurological disorder that typically results from inhalation of manganese dust or fumes. It is a rare condition that primarily affects the central nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including cognitive and behavioral changes, movement disorder, and psychiatric illness. This article will discuss the definition, history, and potential future perspectives of manganese poisoning.
Definition
Manganese poisoning occurs when excessive amounts of manganese are inhaled in a workplace setting. The metal manganese is an essential trace element for human health, but in very high concentrations, it can be toxic. It is found in the environment in soils, air, and water, and is also used in various industrial processes. When manganese levels in the body exceed a certain threshold, it can cause a variety of neurological symptoms, collectively known as manganism.
History
The first documented case of manganese poisoning was reported in the early 19th century. In 1837, an English physician named Alexander Crum Brown noted the symptoms of a patient working in a brewery who had developed movement disorders after a long period of exposure to manganese fumes. This case was the first to recognize the connection between exposure to manganese and the development of neurological symptoms.
Since then, manganese poisoning has been recognized as a potential occupational hazard, particularly in industries where manganese dust is present in the air. In the 1960s, researchers began to recognize that even low-level exposure to manganese could lead to neurological symptoms. This prompted the creation of safety regulations in various countries, such as the United States, to limit the amount of exposure to manganese in the workplace.
Future Perspectives
Despite the regulations in place, manganese poisoning remains an issue in many occupational settings. In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the potential long-term health effects of manganese exposure, including its potential to cause Parkinson’s disease and other neurological disorders. Further research into the mechanisms of manganese toxicity and its potential health risks is needed to better understand the potential long-term effects of manganese exposure.
Conclusion
Manganese poisoning is a rare neurological disorder that can occur after exposure to high levels of manganese dust or fumes. It has been recognized as a potential occupational hazard since the early 19th century, and safety regulations have been implemented in many countries to limit manganese exposure in the workplace. However, further research is needed to better understand the long-term health risks associated with manganese exposure.
References
Borland, A. S., & Davey, A. J. (2017). Occupational exposure to manganese: A review of neurotoxicity. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(11), 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111322
Golub, M. S., & Schlesinger, R. B. (2000). Manganism: The neurotoxicity of manganese. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 601-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00090-8
Kamel, F., & Hoppin, J. A. (2004). Manganese, occupational exposures, and health effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(13), 1344-1352. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6747