Osteomalacia is a bone disorder that is characterized by the softening of the bones due to a deficiency of minerals, mainly phosphorus and calcium. This condition is seen primarily in adults, although some cases have been reported in children as well. The most common symptom is bone pain, which can become severe in some cases. Other symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, and a decrease in physical activity. Osteomalacia can also lead to an increased risk of fractures.
The cause of osteomalacia is usually a deficiency in either phosphorus or vitamin D. A lack of vitamin D can lead to a decrease in calcium absorption from the intestines, resulting in an inadequate amount of calcium available for bone formation. A lack of phosphorus can also lead to a decrease in calcium absorption, but it also causes a decrease in the production of certain proteins that are necessary for bone formation.
The diagnosis of osteomalacia is usually made based on clinical symptoms and the results of laboratory tests. Common laboratory tests used to diagnose osteomalacia include serum calcium and phosphorus levels, vitamin D levels, and bone mineral density testing. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause of the deficiency, as well as supplementing with calcium and phosphorus. In some cases, vitamin D supplements may also be recommended.
Osteomalacia is a serious condition that can lead to significant bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures. Early diagnosis and treatment is important in order to prevent further complications.
References
Bauer, A.C., & Glorieux, F.H. (2019). Osteomalacia. In S.P. Ranganathan & J.P. Bilezikian (Eds.), Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism (10th ed., pp. 645-661). Wiley-Blackwell.
Gur, H., Batur, E.D., & Yildiz, Y. (2018). Osteomalacia. In M.F. Holick (Ed.), Vitamin D (3rd ed., pp. 541-558). Elsevier.
Lips, P. (2019). Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In S.P. Ranganathan & J.P. Bilezikian (Eds.), Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism (10th ed., pp. 637-644). Wiley-Blackwell.