Prochlorperazine for the Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting: A Review
Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms associated with a variety of conditions. Many medications have been used to treat these symptoms, but prochlorperazine is one of the most commonly used. This review aims to discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, side effects, and conclusion of prochlorperazine for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
Mechanism of Action
Prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine derivative with antiemetic and antipsychotic properties. It is believed to act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the brainstem and the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, which are both responsible for triggering vomiting. It is thought to work by blocking dopamine receptors in the CTZ, as well as blocking serotonin receptors in the vestibular apparatus (Licht et al., 2017). In addition, prochlorperazine has anticholinergic, antihistaminic, and α-adrenergic blocking activity, which can also contribute to its antiemetic effects (Licht et al., 2017).
Pharmacokinetics
Prochlorperazine is well absorbed after oral administration and has a bioavailability of about 85%. Peak concentrations occur within 1-3 hours after administration (Licht et al., 2017). The elimination half-life of prochlorperazine is approximately 24 hours, and it is primarily eliminated through the kidneys (Licht et al., 2017).
Indications
Prochlorperazine is indicated for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, including postoperative nausea and vomiting (Licht et al., 2017). It is also used to treat vertigo, motion sickness, and other conditions associated with nausea and vomiting (Licht et al., 2017).
Side Effects
Prochlorperazine can cause a variety of side effects, ranging from mild to serious. The most common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, and dry mouth (Licht et al., 2017). More serious side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, such as akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia, as well as neuroleptic malignant syndrome and anticholinergic toxicity (Licht et al., 2017).
Conclusion
Prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine derivative with antiemetic and antipsychotic properties. It is indicated for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, including postoperative nausea and vomiting. It is generally well tolerated, but can cause a variety of side effects, ranging from mild to serious. Therefore, it is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits with a healthcare provider prior to taking prochlorperazine.
References
Licht, J. P., Grady, C., & Hand, B. D. (2017). Prochlorperazine for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 51(4), 413–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028017695757