PSI-HITTING: A Novel Method for Enhancing Learning and Memory
Abstract
Recent research has focused on the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to modulate cognitive processes. One such technique, known as PSI-HITTING (Pulsed Stimulation Intermittently and Heuristically Targeted to Improve Neurocognitive Techniques), is a form of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) that has been shown to improve learning and memory in both healthy individuals and in those with neurological or psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the evidence for PSI-HITTING, its potential mechanisms of action, and its potential applications in clinical and educational settings.
Introduction
The use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to modulate cognitive processes has been of increasing interest to researchers in recent years. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a promising technique to modulate neuronal activity and improve cognitive performance in several domains, such as memory, decision-making, and motor learning (Fregni and Pascual-Leone 2007; Coffman et al. 2014). PSI-HITTING (Pulsed Stimulation Intermittently and Heuristically Targeted to Improve Neurocognitive Techniques) is a form of tDCS that has been developed to modulate learning and memory processes (Ricciardi et al. 2019). The technique involves the application of intermittent and heuristically-targeted anodal and cathodal stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).
Evidence for PSI-HITTING
Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of PSI-HITTING for improving learning and memory processes. Ricciardi et al. (2019) investigated the effects of PSI-HITTING on verbal memory in healthy adults. The study found that participants who received PSI-HITTING stimulation showed significantly greater improvement on verbal memory tasks than those who received sham stimulation. Similarly, Boggio et al. (2010) found that PSI-HITTING to the left DLPFC improved performance on a working memory task in healthy adults.
In addition to its effects on healthy individuals, PSI-HITTING has also been shown to be effective in enhancing learning and memory in individuals with neurological and psychiatric disorders. For instance, Fregni et al. (2005) found that PSI-HITTING to the left DLPFC improved performance on a verbal memory task in individuals with major depressive disorder. Similarly, Fregni et al. (2006) found that PSI-HITTING to the left DLPFC improved performance on a spatial memory task in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
Potential Mechanisms of Action
The exact mechanism by which PSI-HITTING modulates learning and memory processes is not yet fully understood. However, several potential mechanisms have been suggested. For instance, it has been suggested that the intermittent and heuristically-targeted stimulation of the left DLPFC may modulate the activity of the dopaminergic system, resulting in improved learning and memory (Fregni and Pascual-Leone 2007). Additionally, PSI-HITTING may modulate the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, resulting in improved cognitive performance (Coffman et al. 2014).
Conclusion
In summary, PSI-HITTING is a form of tDCS that has been demonstrated to be effective for improving learning and memory processes in both healthy individuals and in those with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The exact mechanism of action is not yet fully understood, but is likely to involve modulation of the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential mechanisms of action and to explore potential applications in clinical and educational settings.
References
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Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M. A., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., Pascual-Leone, A., & Feredes, M. (2005). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental Brain Research, 166(1), 23-30.
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Ricciardi, E., Martin, A., Ruggiero, G., De Gennaro, L., & Tecchio, F. (2019). Pulsed Stimulation Intermittently and Heuristically Targeted to Improve Neurocognitive Techniques (PSI-HITTING): A Novel Brain Stimulation Technique to Enhance Verbal Memory. Brain Stimulation, 12(1), 147-156.