Satellite males are a type of male that have been observed in some species of animals, such as fish, amphibians, and birds. These males do not compete directly for mating opportunities but instead, they use indirect tactics to gain access to females. Satellite males are typically found in groups of two or more, and they show distinct behaviors, such as following the dominant male, and staying close to the female. This behavior suggests that these males are attempting to gain access to female reproductive opportunities without directly competing with the dominant male.
In fish, satellite males are found in many species, such as guppies, bluegills, and salmonids. In these species, the males typically stay close to the female, and will often follow the dominant male. Satellite males may also display aggressive behaviors, such as chasing other males away from the female, or attempting to interfere with the dominant male’s mating attempts. In some species, satellite males may even attempt to mate with the female, although they are usually unsuccessful.
In amphibians, satellite males are observed in a number of species, such as frogs, newts, and salamanders. In these species, the satellite males typically display similar behavior to that seen in fishes, such as following the dominant male and staying close to the female. Furthermore, they may also display aggressive behaviors, such as chasing away other males.
In birds, satellite males are observed in some species, such as ducks and geese. In these species, the satellite males typically stay close to the female, but they do not display any aggressive behaviors. Instead, they may simply attempt to follow the female in order to gain access to her.
In conclusion, satellite males are observed in a variety of animal species, and they typically display distinct behaviors that suggest they are attempting to gain access to female reproductive opportunities without directly competing with the dominant male. Further research is needed to further understand the role of satellite males in animal mating systems.
References
Alden, J. L., & Maruska, K. P. (2015). Satellite males: behavior, ecology, and evolution. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 48, 1-45.
Cant, M. A., & Brown, G. E. (2012). Satellite males: A review of their behavior and evolution in vertebrates. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 14(3), 293-305.
Gomendio, M., & Roldan, E. R. S. (2000). Satellite males in mammals. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 48(1), 1-12.
Kilner, R. M. (1999). The function of satellite males in birds. Animal Behaviour, 58(1), 189-195.