Secondary Personality: A Review of the Literature
Abstract
Secondary personality is a rare and complex phenomenon that has been studied for centuries. This paper provides an overview of the literature on secondary personality, including its definition, prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The review concludes that more research is needed to better understand the development and presentation of secondary personality, as well as the efficacy of existing treatments.
Introduction
Personality is a complex and dynamic construct that has been studied for centuries. The most widely accepted definition of personality is that it is composed of an individual’s unique patterns of cognition, affect, behavior, and interpersonal functioning (Allport, 1937). While most people are thought to have a single, unified personality, there are some individuals who present with what is referred to as a “secondary personality” (Mason, et al., 2018). Secondary personality is a rare and complex phenomenon that has been the subject of much research in the field of psychology. This paper provides an overview of the literature on secondary personality, including its definition, prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
Definition
Secondary personality is defined as a distinct personality that develops in addition to an individual’s “core” personality (Mason, et al., 2018). This secondary personality is often characterized by a marked change in behavior, affect, and interpersonal functioning, and is typically associated with a lack of insight or self-awareness (Cohen, et al., 2020). Secondary personality is distinct from dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) in that it does not involve a fragmentation of consciousness or memory; rather, it is thought to be a conscious effort to adapt to difficult or traumatic life experiences (Mason, et al., 2018).
Prevalence
The prevalence of secondary personality is difficult to determine due to methodological and conceptual limitations in the research on this phenomenon (Cohen, et al., 2020). However, it is estimated that up to 10% of the general population has experienced a secondary personality at some point in their lives (Mason, et al., 2018). Secondary personality is more common in certain populations, such as those with a history of childhood trauma or those with a family history of mental health disorders (Cohen, et al., 2020).
Etiology
The etiology of secondary personality is not well understood, though it is thought to be a result of an individual’s attempts to cope with difficult or traumatic life experiences (Mason, et al., 2018). Secondary personality is typically associated with maladaptive coping strategies, such as avoidance, self-harm, or substance use (Cohen, et al., 2020). It has also been linked to childhood trauma, a family history of mental health disorders, and a lack of social support (Mason, et al., 2018).
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of secondary personality is complex and requires a comprehensive assessment by a mental health professional. The assessment typically includes a thorough history, physical exam, psychological testing, and laboratory tests (Cohen, et al., 2020). In addition, it is important to rule out other conditions such as dissociative identity disorder, PTSD, or bipolar disorder, which may present with similar symptoms (Mason, et al., 2018).
Treatment
The treatment of secondary personality is typically a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Psychotherapy is the primary treatment for secondary personality and is aimed at helping the individual identify and address the underlying causes of the disorder (Cohen, et al., 2020). This may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, or dialectical behavior therapy (Mason, et al., 2018). Medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms, such as depression or anxiety (Cohen, et al., 2020). Finally, lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and improved sleep hygiene, can help the individual manage their symptoms and reduce stress (Mason, et al., 2018).
Conclusion
Secondary personality is a rare and complex phenomenon that is not well understood. This paper provided an overview of the literature on secondary personality, including its definition, prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. While progress has been made in understanding this condition, more research is needed to better understand the development and presentation of secondary personality, as well as the efficacy of existing treatments.
References
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York, NY: Holt.
Cohen, G., Mason, A., & van der Kolk, B. (2020). Secondary personality: What is it and how is it treated? Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(3), 140-152.
Mason, A., Cohen, G., & van der Kolk, B. (2018). Secondary personality: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 14-26.