Stratification is a process of dividing a population into distinct layers, or strata, based on socioeconomic or other factors. It is a key concept in social sciences, such as sociology and economics, and has been studied for centuries. Stratification is a major factor in the formation of social hierarchy, where members of one stratum have greater access to resources than those in lower strata. This can lead to unequal distribution of wealth and power and can have significant implications for social mobility and inequality (Bourdieu, 1986; Grusky, 2019).
Stratification has been studied using a variety of approaches, from quantitative analysis to qualitative observation. Quantitative methods are used to measure the degree of stratification in a given population, often by examining income, occupation, education, and other demographic characteristics. Qualitative methods are used to explore the contextual factors that influence stratification, such as social norms, cultural values, and institutional structures (Lamont & Fournier, 1992).
In addition to its role in forming social hierarchies, stratification also plays a significant role in economic development. Stratified populations often have different levels of access to resources such as education and health care, which can lead to disparities in economic outcomes (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012). Stratification can also lead to unequal access to political power and influence, which can further exacerbate economic inequalities (Gastil, 2005).
Stratification is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, and its effects on society are not always straightforward. While stratification can lead to unequal distribution of resources and opportunities, it can also be beneficial in certain contexts. For example, stratification can lead to more efficient use of resources by assigning certain tasks to specific strata of the population (Granovetter, 1985).
Overall, stratification is an important concept in social sciences, and its effects are far-reaching. The study of stratification can provide valuable insights into social hierarchies, economic development, and the distribution of resources and opportunities.
References
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241–258). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Gastil, J. (2005). Political Communication and Deliberation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510.
Grusky, D. B. (2019). Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective (6th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Lamont, M., & Fournier, M. (1992). Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.