Suffering is a complex human experience that is affected by many factors, both internal and external. It is a universal experience, yet its nature and intensity can vary greatly. This article will provide an overview of the current literature on suffering, including its definition, causes, and effects.
Definition
Suffering is a difficult concept to define, as it is a subjective experience. However, it is generally characterized as an emotional and/or physical distress in response to a perceived or actual threat or injury to oneself or another (VandenBos, 2007). It can be caused by physical or psychological pain, or a combination of the two. Suffering may also be associated with feelings of fear, anger, anxiety, sadness, and despair.
Causes
Suffering can stem from a variety of sources. Physical causes can include injury, illness, and chronic pain. Psychological causes can include trauma, loss, and grief. Social causes of suffering can include poverty, discrimination, and social exclusion. Other causes of suffering can include spiritual or existential crises, such as the loss of faith or a feeling of disconnection from the world (Kearney, 2016).
Effects
Suffering can have a profound effect on an individual’s physical, mental, and emotional health. It can lead to feelings of isolation, depression, and anxiety. It can also lead to physical health problems, such as insomnia, fatigue, and weakened immunity. Additionally, it can lead to an increase in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse, self-injury, and suicide (Kearney, 2016).
Conclusion
Suffering is a complex experience that can have a profound impact on an individual’s physical, mental, and emotional health. It is a universal experience, yet its nature and intensity can vary greatly. While the causes and effects of suffering are varied and complex, a better understanding of the experience can help to reduce its effects and improve quality of life.
References
Kearney, M. (2016). Understanding suffering: An interdisciplinary perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VandenBos, G. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.