Tag: Mental Disorders

June 4, 2026 / Mohammed looti

Auditory Hallucinations: Decoding the Voices Within Auditory Hallucination (AH) is a complex psychological phenomenon characterized by the perception of sound in the absence of an external acoustic s

Auditory Hallucinations: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry Introduction to Auditory Hallucinations Auditory hallucination (AH), often referred to as “hearing voices,” constitutes a profound perceptual experience where an individual perceives sounds, voices, or music in the absence of any external auditory stimulus. These internal perceptions are typically vivid and compelling, leading the individual to believe they are […]

May 19, 2026 / Mohammed looti

RELAPSE

The Nature of Relapse in Mental Health Disorders In the expansive field of clinical psychology and psychiatry, the concept of relapse occupies a central position, representing one of the most formidable challenges in the journey toward long-term psychological stability. Broadly defined, a relapse constitutes the return of symptoms, problematic behaviors, or functional impairments after a […]

April 29, 2026 / Mohammed looti

DSM-IV-TR

March 27, 2026 / Mohammed looti

NEGATIVE SCHIZOPHRENIA

Comprehensive Overview of Negative Schizophrenia Negative schizophrenia represents a profoundly debilitating subset of the schizophrenic spectrum, characterized primarily by the absence or diminution of normal functions rather than the presence of abnormal behaviors. While the general public often associates schizophrenia with “positive” symptoms—such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech—the negative variant is defined by a […]

March 22, 2026 / Mohammed looti

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

The Conceptual Framework of Psychopathology Psychopathology is a multifaceted scientific discipline dedicated to the rigorous study of psychological and behavioral disorders. At its core, this field seeks to unravel the complexities of the human mind when it deviates from typical functioning, focusing on the systematic understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses. By integrating empirical […]

March 15, 2026 / Mohammed looti

MULTIPLE DELUSIONS

Conceptual Foundations and Definition of Multiple Delusions In the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry, delusions are fundamentally defined as fixed, false beliefs that remain impervious to conflicting evidence or rational counter-argument. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), these beliefs are not merely errors in judgment but are deeply entrenched convictions that deviate significantly […]

February 10, 2026 / Mohammed looti

LEUKOTOMY (LEUCOTOMY)

Definition and Conceptual Framework of Leukotomy Leukotomy, also frequently spelled as leucotomy, is a historically significant yet highly controversial surgical procedure classified under the broader umbrella of psychosurgery. This intervention involves the intentional destruction or severing of the neural pathways within the brain, specifically targeting the white matter fibers that connect the prefrontal cortex to […]

January 19, 2026 / Mohammed looti

ESQUIROL, JEAN (1772-1840)

Jean Esquirol (1772-1840) was an influential French psychiatrist and one of the founders of modern psychiatry. He is best known for his groundbreaking work in the classification of mental disorders and the development of the modern concepts of psychopathology. He also established the first therapeutic asylum in France and was instrumental in the development of […]

January 4, 2026 / Mohammed looti

UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA

Introduction Undifferentiated schizophrenia is a rare form of schizophrenia that is often misdiagnosed. It is characterized by a wide range of symptoms and a lack of clear diagnosis criteria. The underlying causes of undifferentiated schizophrenia are not well understood, and it is often difficult to differentiate from other forms of schizophrenia. This article will discuss […]

December 5, 2025 / Mohammed looti

SENILE PSYCHOSIS (PRESBYOPHRENIC TYPE)

Definition and Nomenclature of Presbyophrenic Psychosis Senile psychosis, particularly the subtype historically designated as the presbyophrenic type, represents a severe neurocognitive disorder primarily affecting individuals in advanced age. This condition is fundamentally defined by a progressive deterioration of intellectual function, memory, judgment, and orientation, often accompanied by significant alterations in emotional regulation and behavior. While […]

December 4, 2025 / Mohammed looti

KRAEPELIN’S THEORY

Introduction to Kraepelin’s Nosology Kraepelin’s Theory represents a monumental shift in the history of psychiatry, fundamentally redefining how mental disorders were conceptualized, classified, and studied. Originated by the influential German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) in the late 19th century, this theoretical framework moved away from purely descriptive symptomology toward a system based on underlying disease […]

December 2, 2025 / Mohammed looti

KRAEPELIN, EMIL (1856-1926)

KRAEPELIN, EMIL (1856-1926) Introduction: Establishing the Foundation of Modern Scientific Psychiatry Emil Kraepelin stands as one of the most towering and influential figures in the history of medicine, widely regarded as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry. Born in Neustrelitz, Germany, in 1856, Kraepelin dedicated his life to transforming the understanding of mental illness from […]

November 25, 2025 / Mohammed looti

NEUROSIS

Definition and Historical Context of Neurosis The term neurosis historically referred to a group of functional mental disorders characterized primarily by significant subjective distress and anxiety, but crucially, without the presence of overt psychotic features such as delusions or hallucinations. Coined in 1769 by the Scottish physician William Cullen, the concept initially described disorders of […]

November 20, 2025 / Mohammed looti

EXPANSIVE DELUSION

Introduction and Terminology The term Expansive Delusion serves as a less common, though clinically valid, synonym for the much more widely utilized psychiatric diagnosis known as the delusion of grandeur, or grandiose delusion. This specific type of delusion is characterized by an individual maintaining a fixed, false, and often highly exaggerated belief concerning their own […]

November 19, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

Definition and Distinction from Organic Factors Psychological factors, often termed functional factors in clinical psychology and psychiatry, represent a critical domain of influence that shapes human behavior, development, and psychopathology. These factors are fundamentally distinguished from organic factors—which encompass biological, genetic, neurological, or physical determinants—by their non-somatic origin. Functional factors derive primarily from the individual’s […]

November 17, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PRIMARY DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA

Introduction to Primary Degenerative Dementia (PDD) Primary Degenerative Dementia, often abbreviated as PDD, represents a significant historical classification within psychiatric and neurological diagnostics, most notably codified within the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s publication, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). This term was utilized to describe a form of cognitive […]

November 6, 2025 / Mohammed looti

MEYER’S THEORY

Introduction to Adolf Meyer and Psychobiology Adolf Meyer (1866–1950), a Swiss-born psychiatrist who became one of the most dominant and influential figures in American psychiatry during the first half of the twentieth century, devised a comprehensive theoretical framework known as Psychobiology, or informally, Meyer’s Theory. This theory was a direct challenge to the prevailing psychiatric […]

November 4, 2025 / Mohammed looti

MALEVOLENT TRANSFORMATION

Introduction and Definitional Framework The concept of Malevolent Transformation describes a profound and deeply ingrained psychological orientation in which an individual perceives their social environment, including friends, family, and society at large, as inherently hostile, dangerous, and untrustworthy. This complex distortion is characterized by the feeling that one is living among enemies, leading to an […]

November 3, 2025 / Mohammed looti

MENTAL DEFICIENCY

Introduction: The Historical Context of “Mental Deficiency” The term Mental Deficiency stands as a significant, though now obsolete, label within the history of psychology, psychiatry, and medical practice. Historically, it served as a broad classification for individuals exhibiting what were perceived as significant intellectual or cognitive limitations, often leading to challenges in adaptive behavior and […]

October 7, 2025 / Mohammed looti

AFFECTIVE HALLUCINATION

Affective Hallucination: An Encyclopedia Entry The Core Definition of Affective Hallucinations Affective hallucination is a specialized and often challenging concept within the study of psychopathology, defined fundamentally as a type of hallucination where the primary experience is a profound, unreal sensation of emotion or feeling, rather than a disturbance of the five traditional external senses […]

October 6, 2025 / Mohammed looti

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

Abnormal Psychology: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry The Essence of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology stands as a critical and expansive branch within the broader discipline of psychology, fundamentally dedicated to the scientific study of psychological disorders, often referred to as mental disorders or psychiatric disorders. Its core mission revolves around understanding the intricate patterns of thought, […]

October 4, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PSYCHOTIC DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Core Definition of Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified The term Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PD-NOS) was historically employed within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), to categorize individuals who presented with significant psychotic symptoms but did not fully meet the diagnostic criteria for any […]