RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES: Definition, History, and Characteristics Racial and ethnic differences represent fundamental distinctions between individuals or groups, primarily rooted in perceived physical attributes, shared ancestry, and common cultural heritage. Historically and contemporarily, these distinctions have served as powerful social markers, often forming the basis for social stratification, identity formation, and systemic inequality. While […]
Introduction: Defining Race Psychology Race psychology, as a distinct field of inquiry that emerged primarily in the 19th and early 20th centuries, was fundamentally defined by its central, deeply flawed objective: the systematic attempt to establish empirical and inherent psychological differences between human populations categorized as distinct races. This endeavor sought to demonstrate that variations […]
Introduction and Definition of Jensenism Jensenism refers fundamentally to the controversial theory, advanced primarily by the American educational psychologist Arthur Jensen (1923–2012), which posits that observed average differences in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores between distinct racial groups are, at least in part, attributable to genetic factors. This perspective emerged prominently from Jensen’s extensive psychometric research […]