TMJ Syndrome: A Comprehensive Overview
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is a painful condition that affects the temporomandibular joint of the jaw and surrounding structures. It is a multifactorial disorder that can be caused by trauma, inflammation, mechanical or structural problems, and muscular and/or psychological factors. Symptoms may include pain, clicking, popping, and restricted range of motion. Treatment options are available that may include physical therapy, medications, splint therapy, and/or surgical intervention. This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, and management of TMJ syndrome.
Keywords: TMJ Syndrome, Temporomandibular Joint, Diagnosis, Management
Introduction
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is a common disorder that affects the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the jaw and surrounding structures. It is a multifactorial disorder that can be caused by trauma, inflammation, mechanical or structural problems, and muscular and/or psychological factors (Koumjian, et al., 2017). Symptoms may include pain, clicking, popping, and restricted range of motion. Treatment options are available that may include physical therapy, medications, splint therapy, and/or surgical intervention. This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, and management of TMJ syndrome.
Etiology
The exact cause of TMJ syndrome is not known. However, it is believed to be a multifactorial disorder, which means that there may be a combination of factors that lead to the development of the condition. Traumatic injury, such as whiplash, can cause inflammation of the TMJ or its surrounding structures, leading to pain and dysfunction (Koumjian, et al., 2017). Other mechanical or structural problems, such as misalignment of the jaw joint, disc displacement, or arthritis, can also lead to TMJ syndrome. Muscle dysfunction, such as clenching or grinding of the teeth, can also contribute to the development of TMJ syndrome, as can psychological factors, such as stress or anxiety.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of TMJ syndrome is based on a thorough history and physical examination. The patient will be asked about the location, severity, and duration of the pain, as well as other symptoms, such as clicking, popping, or restricted range of motion. During the physical examination, the doctor will check for tenderness, swelling, or joint instability. Imaging studies, such as an X-ray or MRI, may also be used to assess the joint and surrounding structures.
Management
The treatment of TMJ syndrome is tailored to the individual patient and is based on the underlying cause. Non-surgical treatments may include physical therapy, medications, and/or splint therapy. Physical therapy may include exercises designed to stretch and strengthen the jaw muscles, as well as techniques to reduce pain and inflammation. Medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, and/or antidepressants, may be used to reduce pain and inflammation. Splint therapy may include the use of a custom-made oral appliance that holds the jaw in a more comfortable position. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the underlying cause of the TMJ syndrome.
Conclusion
TMJ syndrome is a painful condition that affects the temporomandibular joint of the jaw and surrounding structures. It is a multifactorial disorder that can be caused by trauma, inflammation, mechanical or structural problems, and muscular and/or psychological factors. Symptoms may include pain, clicking, popping, and restricted range of motion. Treatment options are available that may include physical therapy, medications, splint therapy, and/or surgical intervention.
References
Koumjian, J.H., & Schreiber, J.M. (2017). Temporomandibular joint syndrome: A comprehensive review. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, 29(3), 447-456. doi:10.1016/j.coms.2017.03.002