Trait Anxiety: An Overview
Anxiety is a state of apprehension and fear often associated with the anticipation of a potential threat or danger. It is a normal emotion that everyone experiences from time to time. When anxiety becomes excessive and persistent, it can become a disorder. Trait anxiety is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by ongoing feelings of apprehension and fear that are difficult to control or reduce. This review provides an overview of trait anxiety, its symptoms, causes, and treatments.
Definition
Trait anxiety is a personality trait characterized by persistent feelings of worry and fear that interfere with everyday functioning. It is a type of anxiety disorder that is typically associated with an increased risk of developing other anxiety disorders, depression, and other mental health issues. People with trait anxiety tend to be more easily startled and have difficulty coping with stress. They may also be overly concerned with making mistakes and be excessively self-critical.
Symptoms
The symptoms of trait anxiety can vary in severity and intensity. Common symptoms include:
• Feeling tense, nervous, or on edge
• Restlessness or an inability to sit still
• Easily startled
• Avoiding certain situations, people, or activities
• Trouble sleeping or difficulty concentrating
• Physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, palpitations, and headaches
Causes
The exact cause of trait anxiety is not known. Research suggests that it is likely a combination of factors, including genetics, environment, and individual coping mechanisms. Trait anxiety has been linked to a history of traumatic events, chronic stress, family dynamics, and negative thinking patterns.
Treatments
Treatment for trait anxiety typically involves a combination of medications and psychotherapy. Medications used to treat trait anxiety include antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and other medications. Psychotherapy can help people learn to manage their anxiety, identify and change negative thought patterns, and improve their coping skills. Other treatments that may be beneficial include relaxation techniques, exercise, and lifestyle changes.
Conclusion
Trait anxiety is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by persistent feelings of worry and fear. It can interfere with everyday life and increase the risk of developing other mental health issues. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications and psychotherapy. With treatment, people with trait anxiety can learn to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Fernandez-Gonzalez, A., Diaz-Mendoza, J., & Burgos-Robles, A. (2018). Genetics of trait anxiety: A systematic review. Psychiatric Genetics, 28(3), 67-77.
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487-495.
NHS. (2018). Anxiety: Treatment and self-help. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/anxiety-treatment/
Salkovskis, P. M. (1985). Cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.