Delirium is a common yet often unrecognized clinical condition characterized by an acute and fluctuating disturbance of consciousness, attention, cognition, and perception (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is a serious medical condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality (Girish et al., 2020). The pathophysiology of delirium is complex, involving multiple factors including medical and psychiatric illnesses, medications, environmental factors, and aging (McKee et al., 2019).
The diagnosis of delirium is based on clinical assessment. Common features include confusion, disorientation, inattention, and altered level of consciousness (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Patients may also display psychomotor agitation, perceptual disturbances, or altered sleep-wake cycles (Girish et al., 2020). Other associated features include impaired memory and judgment, and difficulty with language and communication (McKee et al., 2019).
Treatment of delirium is based on a thorough assessment of the underlying cause of the condition (Girish et al., 2020). If an underlying medical condition is identified, it should be treated appropriately. Cognitive behavioral interventions may also be beneficial (McKee et al., 2019). Non-pharmacological interventions such as environmental modifications, and supportive care can also be helpful in managing delirium (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In conclusion, delirium is a common yet often overlooked clinical condition that can have serious consequences. A thorough assessment is necessary to identify the underlying cause, and appropriate treatment should be initiated. Non-pharmacological interventions should be considered as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Girish, K., Sharma, S., & Kumar, R. (2020). Delirium: A systematic review. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(3), 204-214.
McKee, C. A., Fitting, M., & Meagher, D. J. (2019). Clinical management of delirium: An evidence-based review. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(4), 359-370.