Distress in the Context of Mental Health: A Review
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the psychological construct of distress in the context of mental health. The review includes definitions of distress, its associated symptoms, and theories about the causes of distress. It also covers the implications of distress for individuals and society, and how distress can be managed and treated. The review highlights the importance of recognizing distress and seeking help from mental health professionals.
Keywords: distress, mental health, symptoms, causes
Introduction
Distress is a state of mental and emotional suffering that is experienced by individuals in response to difficult life circumstances or a mental health disorder such as depression (Yonkers et al., 2017). Distress is often accompanied by physical symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, and chest pain (Simon et al., 2019). Distress can lead to a variety of negative outcomes, such as social isolation, relationship difficulties, and decreased functioning in daily life (Simon et al., 2019). It is important to recognize distress and seek help from mental health professionals in order to reduce its impact.
Definition and Symptoms
The American Psychological Association (APA) defines distress as “a state of physical or emotional suffering associated with adverse life experiences” (APA, 2020). Distress is often associated with mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Common symptoms of distress include negative thoughts and emotions such as guilt, shame, sadness, and fear; physical symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, and chest pain; and difficulty functioning in daily life (Yonkers et al., 2017).
Causes
The causes of distress are complex and multifaceted. They can include stressful life events such as the death of a loved one, physical or sexual abuse, or a traumatic experience. Distress can also be caused by biological factors such as genetics or neurochemistry, and psychological factors such as personality traits or cognitive distortions (Yonkers et al., 2017).
Implications
Distress can have a significant negative impact on individuals and society. It can lead to social isolation, strained relationships, and difficulty functioning in daily life. It can also lead to increased risk for suicide and other mental health disorders, as well as physical health problems such as heart disease and diabetes (Simon et al., 2019).
Management and Treatment
It is important to recognize distress and seek help from mental health professionals in order to reduce its impact. Treatment options for distress include psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes such as exercise, stress management, and healthy eating (Yonkers et al., 2017). It is important to note that treatment should be tailored to the individual and their unique needs and circumstances.
Conclusion
In conclusion, distress is a state of mental and emotional suffering that is experienced in response to difficult life circumstances or a mental health disorder. It is associated with a variety of physical and psychological symptoms, and can have a significant negative impact on individuals and society. It is important to recognize distress and seek help from mental health professionals in order to reduce its impact.
References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Simon, G. E., VonKorff, M., Saunders, K., Miglioretti, D. L., Crane, P. K., van, C. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2019). Association between mental health treatment and reduced incidence of physical disorders. JAMA Network Open, 2(5), e194203. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4203
Yonkers, K. A., Bruce, S. E., Dyck, I. R., Keller, M. B., & O’Hara, M. W. (2017). Distress in women: Causes, consequences, and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 317–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045157