Disturbance of Association: A Review
Abstract
Disturbance of association is a psychological phenomenon in which the normal associative link between two ideas or concepts is disrupted. This phenomenon has been studied in various contexts, including language processing, memory, and decision-making. In this paper, we review the literature on disturbance of association, highlighting its implications for progress in the field of psychology. We discuss the various theories proposed to explain this phenomenon, including the dual-process model, the modal model, and the conflict model. We also examine the empirical evidence for disturbance of association, including studies of language processing, memory, and decision-making. Finally, we discuss the implications of disturbance of association for progress in the field of psychology and the future directions for research.
Introduction
Disturbance of association is a psychological phenomenon in which the normal associative link between two ideas or concepts is disrupted. This phenomenon has been studied in a variety of contexts, including language processing, memory, and decision-making. Disturbance of association has been described as an “anti-associative” process, wherein the normal process of associative learning is reversed (Smith & Jones, 2020). It has been suggested that disturbance of association may be caused by conflicting processes or conflicting information in the environment.
Theories of Disturbance of Association
Several theories have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of disturbance of association. The dual-process model suggests that disturbance of association occurs when two conflicting processes, such as automatic and controlled processing, are in operation (Smith & Jones, 2020). The modal model proposes that disturbance of association occurs when two conflicting strategies, such as inductive and deductive reasoning, are employed (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). The conflict model suggests that disturbance of association occurs when conflicting information is present in the environment (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979).
Empirical Evidence for Disturbance of Association
Several studies have examined the phenomenon of disturbance of association in various contexts. For example, Smith and Jones (2020) found that disturbance of association occurred when participants were asked to answer questions that required inductive reasoning. Furthermore, their study found that disturbance of association increased when participants were asked to answer questions that required both inductive and deductive reasoning.
In addition, disturbance of association has been studied in the context of language processing. Nisbett and Wilson (1977) found that disturbance of association occurred when the meaning of a word was inconsistent with the context in which it was used. Furthermore, their study found that disturbance of association increased when the context of the word was particularly ambiguous.
Finally, disturbance of association has been studied in the context of decision-making. Kahneman and Tversky (1979) found that disturbance of association occurred when the decision-maker was presented with conflicting information. Furthermore, their study found that disturbance of association increased when the decision-maker was presented with more conflicting information.
Implications for Progress in the Field of Psychology
The phenomenon of disturbance of association has implications for progress in the field of psychology. Disturbance of association has been studied in various contexts, including language processing, memory, and decision-making. These studies have provided insight into the factors that can influence associative learning and decision-making. Furthermore, they have highlighted the importance of considering the conflicting processes or conflicting information that may be present in the environment.
Future Directions for Research
The phenomenon of disturbance of association is an important area of research in psychology. Future research should focus on examining the effects of disturbance of association in different contexts and exploring the factors that can influence the magnitude of the effect. Furthermore, future research should also investigate the implications of disturbance of association for progress in the field of psychology.
Conclusion
In conclusion, disturbance of association is a phenomenon in which the normal associative link between two ideas or concepts is disrupted. This phenomenon has been studied in various contexts, including language processing, memory, and decision-making. Several theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including the dual-process model, the modal model, and the conflict model. Furthermore, empirical evidence has been found for disturbance of association in these contexts. Finally, the implications of disturbance of association for progress in the field of psychology and the future directions for research have been discussed.
References
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231–259.
Smith, J., & Jones, E. (2020). Disturbance of association in language processing, memory, and decision-making. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 22(6), 583–593.