Dominance is an evolutionary concept that describes interactions between individuals of the same species. It is often used to explain the behavior of animals, but can also be applied to the behavior of humans. This article will explore the concept of dominance and its implications in both animal and human behavior.
The idea of dominance was first proposed by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. He argued that animals with superior physical and behavioral characteristics were more likely to survive and reproduce in a given environment. This idea of evolutionary superiority was later expanded by Konrad Lorenz, who coined the term “Dominance Hierarchy” in his 1935 book, On Aggression. Lorenz argued that dominance hierarchies in animals depend on the relative strength of the individuals involved and their ability to compete for resources such as food, shelter, and mates.
In animals, dominance is often expressed through aggressive behavior, such as fighting and intimidation. This behavior is often used to establish or maintain a social hierarchy. For example, in a pack of wolves, the alpha male will often be the most aggressive and dominant member of the pack. This alpha male will be the one to lead the pack and make decisions for the group.
In humans, dominance is typically expressed through social means, such as status, wealth, and power. Research has shown that people with higher status are more likely to be dominant in social interactions, and that this dominance is often used to gain resources or favors from others. Additionally, individuals with higher social status may be more likely to be respected and deferred to in social situations.
Dominance is a complex phenomenon that has implications in both animal and human behavior. In animals, it is often expressed through aggressive behavior and is used to establish and maintain a hierarchy. In humans, it is typically expressed through social means, such as status, wealth, and power. Understanding the concept of dominance can help us better understand the behavior of both animals and humans.
References
Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray.
Lorenz, K. (1935). On aggression. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
Komorita, S. S., & Parks, C. D. (1994). Social dilemmas. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (2013). Social cognition: From brains to culture. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.