Internal-State Ratings: A Review of the Literature
Introduction
The concept of internal-state ratings has been gaining attention in the field of psychology in recent years. This form of self-report measures an individual’s subjective experience of their emotional and motivational states. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on internal-state ratings, including an examination of the different types of these measures, their psychometric properties, and the implications for research and practice.
Types of Internal-State Ratings
Internal-state ratings can be divided into two broad categories: trait-based and state-based. Trait-based ratings assess an individual’s self-perception of their typical emotional and motivational states, while state-based ratings measure an individual’s current emotional and motivational states. Examples of trait-based measures include the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (Ryan, 1982) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). Examples of state-based measures include the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000) and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970).
Psychometric Properties
The psychometric properties of internal-state ratings have been studied extensively in the literature. Studies have found that most of these measures have good reliability and validity, with most demonstrating good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity (Kunz & Pekrun, 2007; Ryan, 1982).
Implications for Research and Practice
Internal-state ratings can be used to assess an individual’s subjective experiences, as well as their emotional and motivational states. This has implications for both research and practice. In research, these ratings can be used to study a wide range of topics, including the effects of different interventions or treatments on an individual’s emotional and motivational states, and how an individual’s subjective experiences affect their behavior or performance. In practice, these ratings can be used to assess an individual’s emotional and motivational states, which can inform treatment decisions and interventions.
Conclusion
This review has provided an overview of the literature on internal-state ratings, including an examination of the different types of these measures, their psychometric properties, and the implications for research and practice. Overall, internal-state ratings can be useful tools for assessing an individual’s subjective experiences, as well as their emotional and motivational states.
References
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). Experiences in close relationships-revised (ECR-R): A measure of adult attachment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 456-470.
Kunz, P., & Pekrun, R. (2007). Measuring emotions in students: The emotional experience scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32, 365-386.
Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrinsic motivation of creativity: A review and re-formulation. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 28-44.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.