Myelomeningocele: A Comprehensive Overview
Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a type of neural tube defect that is commonly associated with spina bifida, and is one of the most common birth defects in the United States (Arora et al., 2020). It is characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and the membranes around it, resulting in spinal cord and nerve damage (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). It is estimated that approximately 500,000 people in the United States live with MMC (CDC, 2020).
The exact cause of MMC is not known, but it is thought to be associated with genetic and environmental factors (CDC, 2020). It is also associated with folate deficiency in the mother during pregnancy (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). Approximately 90% of cases are diagnosed prenatally through ultrasound (CDC, 2020).
The most common symptom of MMC is a sac-like protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through the spine (CDC, 2020). The severity of the protrusion varies, and it can be associated with other defects, such as hydrocephalus or bladder and bowel incontinence (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). Additionally, people with MMC may experience a range of physical disabilities, including paralysis, sensory deficits, and muscle weakness (CDC, 2020).
Treatment for MMC is multidisciplinary and depends on the severity of the defect and associated conditions (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2020). Treatment may include surgery to close the spinal defect, physical therapy, medications, and assistive devices (CDC, 2020). Additionally, people with MMC may require lifelong care, such as regular doctor visits, physical therapy, and psychosocial support (CDC, 2020).
Overall, MMC is a complex condition that can have a range of physical and psychological effects on individuals and families. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of MMC and to seek medical care if it is suspected. With appropriate medical care and support, people with MMC can lead full and productive lives.
References
Arora, S., Singh, A., & Sharma, S. (2020). Myelomeningocele: A comprehensive review. Indian Journal of Neurosurgery, 9(1), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_96_19
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Myelomeningocele (MMC). https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/myelomeningocele/index.html
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020). Myelomeningocele. https://medlineplus.gov/myelomeningocele.html