Primary Mood Disorder: A Comprehensive Overview
Mood disorders are a group of mental illnesses characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, emptiness, or irritability (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Primary mood disorder (PMD) is one of the most common of these disorders and is diagnosed when the symptoms of depression or mania are not caused by any other physical or mental health disorder. The primary symptoms of PMD include depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, sleep disturbance, change in appetite, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of guilt or worthlessness (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
PMD is a complex disorder with a wide range of causes and risk factors. It is believed to be caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors, including genetic predisposition, life stressors, and environmental factors (Bauer et al., 2015; Rhebergen et al., 2014). Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disease, can also contribute to PMD.
The diagnosis of PMD is based on a thorough clinical evaluation by a mental health professional. The clinician will ask questions about the patient’s current and past mood symptoms, medical history, and family history of mental illness. The clinician may also order laboratory tests, such as blood tests, to rule out any medical conditions that could be contributing to the symptoms.
Treatment for PMD typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help the patient learn to recognize and manage symptoms and develop better coping skills (Mellor et al., 2018). Medication, such as antidepressants, can help reduce symptoms of depression (Rhebergen et al., 2014). Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and adequate sleep, can also help reduce symptoms (Mellor et al., 2018).
While PMD is a serious disorder, it is also highly treatable. With the right combination of therapies and lifestyle changes, many people with PMD can lead full and productive lives.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Bauer, M., Pfennig, A., Severus, E., & Whybrow, P. C. (2015). Understanding the etiology of unipolar depression: The ususal suspects and a few new ones. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(1), 186–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.233
Mellor, C. A., Flynn, R. G., & Kauer-Sant’Anna, M. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression: A comprehensive review of efficacy and effectiveness. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.09.006
Rhebergen, D., van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., & van Marwijk, H. W. (2014). Epidemiology of primary depression. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23(3), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1430