Spatial ability, also known as spatial intelligence, is the capacity to understand, remember, and manipulate objects in three-dimensional space. It is often referred to as the “ability to think in pictures” and is an important ability for success in many areas, such as engineering, architecture, and navigation. Spatial ability is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and is often measured through standardized tests.
The most commonly used measure of spatial ability is the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). The MRT is a paper-and-pencil test that involves mentally rotating two-dimensional figures in order to match them up with a given target image. Research has found that performance on the MRT is correlated with success in fields such as engineering, architecture, and the sciences (Linn & Petersen, 1985).
Other measures of spatial ability include the Vandenberg & Kuse Mental Rotations Test (VMRT), the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), and the Navon Figures Test (NFT). The VMRT is a computerized version of the MRT that involves mentally rotating three-dimensional objects in order to match them up with a given target image. The EFT involves finding simple figures embedded in more complex patterns. The NFT involves mentally rotating two-dimensional figures in order to recognize a more complex figure.
Research has shown that spatial ability is related to various cognitive and physical processes, such as working memory, executive functioning, and motor coordination (Heil, 2014). It has also been found to be related to physical activity levels, with those who engage in regular physical activity having better spatial ability than those who do not (Gibson, 2008).
In addition, research has shown that there are gender differences in spatial ability. Studies have found that males tend to have better spatial ability than females, with some research suggesting that this is due to differences in the way males and females process visual information (Halpern, 2000).
Overall, spatial ability is an important ability for success in many areas. It is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and is related to cognitive and physical processes, as well as physical activity levels. Further research is needed to better understand the factors that influence spatial ability and how it can be improved.
References
Gibson, B. (2008). Exercise and spatial ability. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106(3), 799-808.
Halpern, D. F. (2000). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Heil, M. (2014). The cognitive basis of spatial ability. In M. Heil & J. Veenman (Eds.), Cognitive development and learning in instructional contexts (2nd ed., pp. 278-304). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1985). Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 56(6), 1479-1498.