Tag: treatment

June 4, 2026 / Mohammed looti

Adjustment Disorder: Navigating Life’s Toughest Transitions Adjustment Disorder represents a significant and frequently encountered mental health condition characterized by the emergence of clinica

Adjustment Disorder: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry Introduction to Adjustment Disorder Adjustment Disorder represents a significant and frequently encountered mental health condition characterized by the emergence of clinically significant emotional or behavioral symptoms in direct response to an identifiable psychosocial stressor. This stressor can manifest in various forms, such as major life changes, personal crises, or […]

May 22, 2026 / Mohammed looti

MUTISM

Mutism: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry Understanding Mutism: The Core Definition Mutism is formally defined as a complex speech and communication disorder characterized by a consistent and persistent inability to speak in specific social situations where there is a clear expectation for verbal interaction, despite the individual possessing the physical capacity to do so and speaking […]

April 23, 2026 / Mohammed looti

ATTENTION-DEFICIT DISORDER (ADD)

Overview of Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) and ADHD Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), often historically and colloquially referred to as Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD), represents one of the most prevalent and extensively researched neurodevelopmental disorders in contemporary clinical psychology. Characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and, in many cases, hyperactivity, the condition significantly interferes with an individual’s […]

April 21, 2026 / Mohammed looti

NONAFFECTIVE HALLUCINATION

Defining Nonaffective Hallucination and Its Clinical Context The phenomenon of nonaffective hallucination represents a significant area of interest within the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry, primarily due to its unique presentation compared to more common emotionally driven sensory experiences. By definition, hallucinations are sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of any external stimuli, […]

April 19, 2026 / Mohammed looti

SCHIZOID-MANIC STATE

Defining the Schizoid-Manic State and its Clinical Significance The schizoid-manic state represents a complex clinical phenomenon within the spectrum of mood disorders, characterized by the simultaneous presentation of symptoms traditionally associated with both mania and schizoid personality traits or symptoms. In modern psychiatric literature, this condition is frequently categorized under the broader umbrella of mixed […]

April 18, 2026 / Mohammed looti

MONOSYMPTOMATIC

Monosymptomatic: A Systematic Review Abstract Monosymptomatic is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of mental health conditions characterized by a single symptom or cluster of symptoms. This systematic review aimed to analyze the literature to better understand the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of monosymptomatic disorders. The results of this review […]

April 14, 2026 / Mohammed looti

SAMHSA

Introduction SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The mission of SAMHSA is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America’s communities. SAMHSA works to promote the prevention, treatment, and recovery of individuals with mental and substance […]

March 28, 2026 / Mohammed looti

THOUGHT WITHDRAWAL

Thought Withdrawal: An Exploration of Its Causes and Treatment Thought withdrawal is a phenomenon in which an individual experiences a sudden and unexpected decrease in the quantity and quality of their thoughts. This can be a difficult and distressing experience that can have significant impacts on an individual’s mental health and well-being. This article will […]

March 23, 2026 / Mohammed looti

BENIGN STUPOR

An Introduction to the Conceptual Framework of Benign Stupor Benign stupor represents a complex and relatively rare psychiatric phenomenon characterized primarily by a profound state of psychomotor retardation and a significant decrease in mental activity. Unlike other forms of stupor that may indicate a progressive neurological decline, the term “benign” suggests a condition that, while […]

March 20, 2026 / Mohammed looti

MASKED DEPRESSION

Masked Depression: A Review of Recent Studies Abstract Depression is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. While the condition is often identified through its typical signs and symptoms, masked depression is a form of the disorder that is characterized by its lack of recognizable symptoms. This review article summarizes the current […]

March 8, 2026 / Mohammed looti

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND RELATED DISORDERS AS

Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders as a Global Health Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities Nahid Rahmani1 and Tareq Al-Dmour2 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 2Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Amman, Jordan Corresponding Author: N. Rahmani Email: [email protected] Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related disorders (ARD) are a global health crisis. […]

March 8, 2026 / Mohammed looti

ALIENATIO MENTIS

Historical and Conceptual Overview of Alienatio Mentis The term alienatio mentis, which translates literally from Latin as “alienation of the mind,” serves as a foundational pillar in the historical architecture of psychological and psychiatric thought. This concept fundamentally addresses the state in which an individual’s cognitive and emotional faculties become estranged from reality or from […]

February 19, 2026 / Mohammed looti

SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS

The Nature and Scope of Schizophrenic Disorders Schizophrenic disorders represent a complex and often debilitating group of chronic mental illnesses that profoundly impact an individual’s perception of reality. These disorders are characterized by a significant disruption in cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and social functioning. While the clinical presentation can vary significantly between individuals, the core […]

February 15, 2026 / Mohammed looti

ENABLING

Defining the Scope and Clinical Nature of Enabling Behavior In the field of psychology and clinical counseling, enabling is defined as a specific type of dysfunctional behavioral pattern where one individual—often a spouse, parent, or close friend—facilitates the maladaptive or self-destructive actions of another person. This dynamic is most frequently observed in the context of […]

February 14, 2026 / Mohammed looti

DOUBLE VISION

An Introduction to Diplopia: Understanding the Phenomenon of Double Vision Double vision, clinically referred to as diplopia, is a complex and often distressing visual impairment where a single object is perceived as two distinct images. These images may appear side-by-side, one on top of the other, or at an angled orientation to one another. Within […]

February 6, 2026 / Mohammed looti

SCHIZOPHRENIC EPISODE

Schizophrenic Episode: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention A schizophrenic episode represents a critical period in the manifestation of schizophrenia, a severe and chronic mental disorder characterized by profound disturbances in thought processes, perception, emotional responsiveness, and behavior. This condition is fundamentally classified as a psychotic disorder, meaning individuals experiencing an episode endure significant disruptions in their […]

February 2, 2026 / Mohammed looti

DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR

Definition and Scope of Destructive Behavior Destructive behavior encompasses a broad spectrum of actions characterized by their detrimental impact on the self, others, or the immediate environment. This complex psychological and sociological phenomenon is defined by behaviors that intentionally or unintentionally result in physical, emotional, or financial harm. While the term is often applied to […]

February 2, 2026 / Mohammed looti

DEPRESSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER

Depressive Personality Disorder: Overview and Treatment Considerations Depressive Personality Disorder (DPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by pervasive and sustained feelings of deep sadness, pessimism, and worthlessness. Individuals with DPD often have difficulty in interpersonal and occupational functioning, often leading to significant distress and impairment in their daily lives. While DPD is not as […]

January 30, 2026 / Mohammed looti

SCHIZOPHRENIC REACTIONS (THERAPY)

Foundational Principles of Schizophrenia Therapy The therapeutic management of schizophrenic reactions is inherently complex, requiring a multidimensional, integrated approach that addresses biological, psychological, and social determinants of the illness. Historically, treatment focused narrowly on institutional confinement and rudimentary medication, but modern practice emphasizes recovery-oriented care, aiming for functional improvement and enhanced quality of life. The […]

January 30, 2026 / Mohammed looti

SCHIZOPHRENIA (PARANOID TYPE)

A Review of Paranoid Type Schizophrenia Recent advancements in psychopathology research underscore the critical need to understand the inherent heterogeneity of schizophrenia, a severe and chronic mental illness. This variability necessitates a focused examination of its distinct presentations, particularly the paranoid subtype. This comprehensive review aims to synthesize the current scientific literature concerning paranoid type […]

January 25, 2026 / Mohammed looti

ACTING OUT

Introduction and Conceptual Overview The term acting out refers to complex behaviors characterized by the expression of unconscious emotional conflicts, impulses, or painful feelings through immediate action rather than through verbal articulation or conscious reflection. While broadly used in general discourse to describe disruptive behavior, its clinical definition is deeply rooted in psychoanalytic theory, where […]

January 14, 2026 / Mohammed looti

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction to Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology stands as one of the largest and most well-known specialties within the broader discipline of psychology. It is fundamentally an applied field dedicated to the scientific study and practical application of knowledge concerning the prevention, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric problems. Unlike general […]

January 13, 2026 / Mohammed looti

AKINESIA ALGERA

Introduction to Akinesia Algera Akinesia algera represents a profound and challenging category of rare neurological disorders primarily defined by chronic, debilitating muscle stiffness and significant difficulty in the initiation of voluntary movement. As a recognized form of extrapyramidal motor disorder, its pathology stems from the malfunctioning of the subcortical structures collectively known as the basal […]

January 9, 2026 / Mohammed looti

MEDICAL MODEL

Medical Model The medical model is an approach to understanding health and illness that is based on scientific principles and evidence-based practice. It is a widely accepted approach in the medical profession and is used to inform healthcare planning and decision-making. The medical model has been developed over many years and is focused on the […]

January 7, 2026 / Mohammed looti

FALSE PREGNANCY

Introduction: Definition and Historical Context False pregnancy, medically termed pseudocyesis, is a profound and complex psychosomatic condition characterized by the presence of subjective and objective signs of pregnancy in a non-pregnant woman. This rare phenomenon involves a powerful interplay between the mind and the endocrine system, resulting in physical manifestations so convincing that they often […]

January 6, 2026 / Mohammed looti

DISSOCIATIVE HYSTERIA

Dissociative Hysteria: An Overview and Definition Dissociative hysteria, historically a broad and often controversial diagnostic label, refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by profound psychological distress and significant disruption of daily functionality. This condition manifests primarily through involuntary disturbances in the fundamental psychological processes that normally integrate memory, identity, consciousness, perception, and motor function. […]

January 4, 2026 / Mohammed looti

UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA

Introduction Undifferentiated schizophrenia is a rare form of schizophrenia that is often misdiagnosed. It is characterized by a wide range of symptoms and a lack of clear diagnosis criteria. The underlying causes of undifferentiated schizophrenia are not well understood, and it is often difficult to differentiate from other forms of schizophrenia. This article will discuss […]

December 10, 2025 / Mohammed looti

BETA ALCOHOLISM

Introduction to Beta Alcoholism Alcoholism, formally classified as Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), represents a pervasive and chronic relapsing condition characterized by an impaired capacity to cease or control alcohol consumption despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. This global health crisis manifests across heterogeneous populations, leading researchers and clinicians to develop various typologies to better […]

December 5, 2025 / Mohammed looti

MANIC-DEPRESSIVE REACTION (THERAPY AND PROGNOSIS)

Introduction and Definition of Manic-Depressive Reaction The term Manic-Depressive Reaction, although now largely replaced in modern clinical settings by the diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (as codified in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition—DSM-5), describes a chronic and complex mental health condition marked by severe, pathological shifts in mood, […]

December 2, 2025 / Mohammed looti

THERAPEUTIC

Etymology and Core Definition of Therapeutic The term therapeutic is derived from the ancient Greek word "therapeutikos," which translates to serving, attending, or relating to the healing of disease. Fundamentally, it serves as an adjective describing anything pertaining to the science and art of healing, particularly the remediation of illnesses and disorders, and the strategic […]

November 25, 2025 / Mohammed looti

DIVALPROEX SODIUM

Introduction and Mechanism of Action Divalproex sodium, often marketed under the trade name Depakote, is a complex compound comprising a coordination molecule of sodium valproate and valproic acid. It is classified pharmacologically as an anticonvulsant, yet its profound utility lies in its application as a primary mood-stabilizing agent for the treatment of bipolar disorder. This […]

November 24, 2025 / Mohammed looti

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

Defining Forensic Psychology Forensic psychology represents a specialized and highly nuanced discipline situated at the intersection of psychological science and the legal system. Fundamentally, it involves the systematic application of established psychological principles, research findings, theories, and specialized techniques to address questions and situations that arise within the context of law and judicial processes. Unlike […]

November 21, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PRESCRIBING

Introduction to Prescribing: Dual Meanings The term prescribing holds a fundamental yet complex position within the domains of both medicine and psychology, encompassing two distinct yet related functions: the formal, authoritative request for medication utilization and the broader, guiding instruction given to a client regarding specific behavioral or experiential actions. In its primary medical context, […]

November 10, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PETECHIAL HEMORRHAGE

Introduction and Definition of Petechial Hemorrhage Petechial hemorrhage refers to the extravasation of blood from damaged capillaries into surrounding tissues, resulting in distinct, minute reddish-purple spots on the skin or mucous membranes. Characteristically, these lesions are defined by their diminutive size, typically measuring less than three millimeters in diameter, often described as having a pinpoint […]

November 9, 2025 / Mohammed looti

KEMADRIN

Introduction, Nomenclature, and Overview of Procyclidine The pharmaceutical agent known commercially under the trade name Kemadrin is chemically identified as procyclidine hydrochloride. This compound belongs to the class of anticholinergic drugs, specifically categorized as a central nervous system (CNS) active agent. Procyclidine is primarily utilized in clinical practice for its potent antimuscarinic effects, which render […]

November 8, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PAXIL

Nomenclature and Overview PAXIL is the proprietary brand name designated for the compound paroxetine hydrochloride, a widely prescribed psychotropic medication classified within the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Developed in the 1980s and introduced to clinical practice in the early 1990s, paroxetine rapidly established itself as a cornerstone treatment in managing a broad […]

October 20, 2025 / Mohammed looti

POLYDRUG DEPENDENCE

Polydrug Dependence The Core Definition of Polydrug Dependence Polydrug dependence, frequently referred to in clinical and diagnostic settings as polysubstance dependence, is a chronic and relapsing disorder defined by the simultaneous or sequential abuse of, and subsequent pathological reliance on, two or more distinct categories of psychoactive substances. Unlike monouse disorders, where the pattern of […]

October 15, 2025 / Mohammed looti

TARACTAN

Chlorprothixene (Taractan) The Core Definition and Pharmacological Class Chlorprothixene is a pharmaceutical agent classified as a typical, or first-generation, antipsychotic medication. It is most widely recognized in clinical settings by its primary trade name, Taractan. While the drug itself is chemically defined by its structure—it belongs to the thioxanthene class of compounds—its function is rooted […]

October 9, 2025 / Mohammed looti

MYTHOMANIA

Mythomania: Pseudologia Fantastica and Pathological Lying The Core Definition of Mythomania Mythomania, formally known as Pseudologia Fantastica, is a complex psychiatric phenomenon characterized by the chronic, persistent, and compulsive tendency to fabricate elaborate and complex false stories. These fabrications are not simply everyday lies told to avoid minor inconvenience or gain small, immediate benefits; rather, […]

October 9, 2025 / Mohammed looti

ANOREXIA INIRABILIS

Anorexia Inirabilis: A Comprehensive Psychological Overview Core Definition and Mechanism Anorexia Inirabilis (AI) is classified as a severe and complex eating disorder characterized fundamentally by a persistent, intentional refusal to maintain adequate nutritional intake. This profound restriction leads directly to an inability to maintain the minimum expected body weight for an individual’s age, height, and […]

October 9, 2025 / Mohammed looti

THROMBUS

Thrombus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management The Core Definition of Thrombus A Thrombus is fundamentally defined as a blood clot that forms and remains attached within a blood vessel or the heart chamber, obstructing the flow of blood. This serious medical condition arises from a pathological process where the normal mechanisms designed to stop bleeding—known as […]

October 5, 2025 / Mohammed looti

DEPRESSION

DEPRESSION The Core Definition: Understanding Depression as a Mental Disorder Depression, clinically known as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is a profound and pervasive mental disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and hopelessness. It extends beyond transient mood fluctuations, deeply impacting an individual’s thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physical health for an extended period. This […]

October 5, 2025 / Mohammed looti

NOSOMANIA

Nosomania: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry The Core Definition of Nosomania Nosomania is an emerging concept within the field of mental health, characterized primarily by a pathological preoccupation with the idea of contracting a serious illness. This goes beyond typical, rational health concerns, escalating into an excessive, often debilitating, fear that significantly impacts an individual’s daily […]

October 4, 2025 / Mohammed looti

PSYCHOTIC DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified Core Definition of Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified The term Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PD-NOS) was historically employed within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), to categorize individuals who presented with significant psychotic symptoms but did not fully meet the diagnostic criteria for any […]

October 4, 2025 / Mohammed looti

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Biomedical Engineering Introduction: The Interdisciplinary Nature of Biomedical Engineering Biomedical engineering (BME) stands as a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that fundamentally bridges the gap between engineering principles and medical sciences. It systematically applies the rigorous methodologies and design paradigms of engineering to address complex problems within medicine and healthcare. This intricate discipline integrates a […]

October 4, 2025 / Mohammed looti

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS) The Core Definition: Understanding DDNOS Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (DDNOS), now largely encompassed by the broader category of “Other Specified Dissociative Disorder” (OSDD) and “Unspecified Dissociative Disorder” in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), refers to a complex mental health condition where an […]

October 1, 2025 / Mohammed looti

AMPHETAMINE DEPENDENCE

Amphetamine Dependence The Core Definition of Amphetamine Dependence Amphetamine dependence, often categorized under stimulant use disorder in modern diagnostic manuals, represents a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive amphetamine seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. It is a complex condition that involves profound alterations in brain function, particularly within the reward pathways, leading to […]

September 30, 2025 / Mohammed looti

ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry The Core Definition of Adrenal Hyperplasia Adrenal hyperplasia fundamentally refers to a group of conditions characterized by the abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands, which are small, triangular-shaped organs situated atop each kidney. This glandular enlargement is typically a consequence of their overactivity, leading to an excessive production of […]

September 28, 2025 / Mohammed looti

DYSPNEA

Dyspnea The Core Definition of Dyspnea Dyspnea, commonly known as shortness of breath, is a profoundly distressing and subjective experience characterized by an uncomfortable awareness of difficult or labored breathing. It is not merely a physical sensation but a complex perceptual phenomenon that can significantly impair an individual’s quality of life. This feeling of inadequate […]

September 28, 2025 / Mohammed looti

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

Substance Abuse: Prevalence, Prevention, and Treatment Substance abuse, defined as the misuse of illicit drugs and/or alcohol, is a growing problem in the United States. Substance abuse is associated with numerous health complications, including physical and mental health issues, social and economic problems, as well as criminal behavior (Carroll, 2010). This article will discuss the […]

September 28, 2025 / Mohammed looti

BITING MANIA

Biting Mania: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia Entry The Core Definition of Biting Mania Biting mania, while not formally recognized as a distinct diagnostic entity in major psychiatric manuals such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), refers to a rare and complex presentation characterized by recurrent, often compulsive, episodes of biting or chewing […]