Introduction
Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone derivative, is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic that has been available for more than 25 years. It is used to treat insomnia and is generally considered to be a safe and effective treatment option. The aim of this article is to review the pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zopiclone.
Pharmacology
Zopiclone is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic that acts as an agonist at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. It has a high affinity for the α1 subtype of the GABA receptor, and it can also interact with the glutamate receptor, resulting in sedative and anxiolytic effects. Zopiclone has a short half-life of approximately 3-4 hours and a long duration of action of up to 8 hours.
Pharmacokinetics
Zopiclone is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1-2 hours. It is metabolized by the liver and is excreted in the urine as a metabolite. The elimination half-life of zopiclone is approximately 3-4 hours.
Clinical Efficacy
Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of zopiclone in the treatment of insomnia. In a study of elderly patients, zopiclone was found to reduce sleep latency and improve sleep quality compared to placebo. In another study of patients with chronic insomnia, zopiclone was found to be more effective than placebo in improving sleep quality and reducing sleep latency.
Safety and Tolerability
The safety and tolerability of zopiclone has been studied in numerous clinical trials and observational studies. In general, zopiclone is well tolerated and the most common side effects are mild and transient. The most commonly reported side effects are headache, dry mouth, and dizziness.
Conclusion
Zopiclone is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic that has been available for more than 25 years. It is used to treat insomnia and is generally considered to be a safe and effective treatment option. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of zopiclone have been studied in numerous clinical trials and observational studies. In general, zopiclone is well tolerated and the most common side effects are mild and transient.
References
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